In Passage 1, how does the author compare the issues of tax increases and advertising on buses?


A)They are both actions that require safeguards.


B)They are both issues of controversy in school districts.


C)They are both possible approaches to dealing with budgetary concerns.


D)They are both present problems that cannot be ignored by state representatives.




(THE paragraph)

1 Tight school budgets could soon translate into Missouri school districts’ selling ad space on yellow school buses.



2 Missouri state Rep. T.J. Berry, R-Kearney, says his bill—HB 224—isn’t a cure-all by any stretch. But legalizing ads inside and outside the buses would give school districts one additional way to raise money in these tough times.



3 “Every single school district has had to deal with budget concerns,” Berry said last week. “And generally speaking, the way they have had to deal with those has been cuts or tax increases.”



4 The school bus is something that is already out there and paid for, he said. His bill would permit districts to generate a modest stream of income from their buses.



5 Few question the need for finding additional funds when it comes to educating children, but at least two groups think the school bus exteriors should remain ad-free.



6 “There is no such thing as free money,” said Josh Golin, associate director for the Campaign for a Commercial Free Childhood. “There are real costs to this: the price of selling out your students to advertisers.”



7 Students don’t need the first and last message they receive from their schools each day to be advertisements, Golin said. Students boarding a bus are certainly a captive audience.



8 The National Association of State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services opposes advertising on safety grounds. Obscuring the recognizable school-bus yellow exterior with ads and distracting other drivers “present a safety problem around school buses that cannot be ignored,” the group said in its position paper.



9 National studies have shown that anything that diverts a driver’s attention from the road can pose a hazard, opponents say.



10 “And a big yellow bus doesn’t distract?” Berry asked.



11 Several years ago in Indiana, a Department of Education lawyer suggested that allowing advertisements on buses would invite First Amendment challenges by spurned advertisers, the group noted.



12 Berry said the bill would limit the types of advertising that would be allowed.



13 The regulations would prohibit ads that contain obscene or sexual material, or messages associated with gambling, tobacco products, alcohol, and political campaigns or causes. The ads could not promote drug use or “any illegal activity or antisocial behavior.” They can’t contain “harmful, discriminatory, false, misleading or deceptive” messages.



14 “There are a lot of safeguards being built in,” he said.



15 Berry emphasized that the space reserved for the ads would be “very limited,” meaning toward the back of the bus.



16 By 2012, nine states—Arizona, Colorado, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Tennessee, Texas and Utah—permitted advertising on the exterior of school buses, according to the Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood. Several, including Missouri, considered it last year.



17 The bill made it out of the Missouri House last year but did not clear the Senate, Berry said. He acknowledged that the idea was “very controversial.”

Answer:

D

Explanation:

Paragraph one makes two statements, one fact and one possible solution.

(1) The last dinosaur died about 65 million years ago. (2) No one knows exactly why. (3) Allosaurus and Stegosaurus were meat eating dinosaurs. (4) Many scientists think climate changes caused the death of the dinosaurs. (5) Others think the dinosaur’s food supply died out. (6) Another theory is that the dinosaur could not adapt to the evolving environment or the gradual drifting apart of the continents. (7) Scientists have several theories, but none are yet proven.

Which sentence is irrelevant?
(Does not belong/fit with the topic of the paragraph)Immersive Reader
(1 Point)
sentence 2
sentence 3
sentence 5
sentence 7

1. Bruno thinks it is unfair that Shmuel has many friends while he has none. What does this observation reflect about Bruno? How is this statement in conflict with the actual situation that Shmuel is in?

Hey i really need someone help today this due today and need these ela questions done by today!!!! also Please no trolling answer and please read the book a long walk from water!!!!
1. Continually under threat, they would flee for their lives, losing their way in the wilderness.Does the sentence on the left help answer the guiding question? How so?

2. they would flee for their lives,First question Who or what does they refer to in this chunk? How do you know? Second question Why did the author use the word would?

TEXT 1:Since 1983, the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) and the Sudanese Government have been at war in southern Sudan. The conflict has already claimed more than 500,000 lives and displaced huge numbers of people. Among these were at least 20,000 children, mostly boys, between 7 and 17 years of age who were separated from their families. These ‘lost boys’ of the Sudan trekked enormous distances over a vast unforgiving wilderness, seeking refuge from the fighting. Hungry, frightened and weakened by sleeplessness and disease, they crossed from the Sudan into Ethiopia and back, with many dying along the way. The survivors are now in camps in Kenya, the Sudan and Uganda

Question 1: What's the main idea,detail 1 and detail 2?

TEXT 2:This extraordinary exodus has its origins in traditional forms of migration. After being initiated into manhood, young adolescent boys in southern Sudan have generally been quite mobile. Organized into small groups of their peers, they would leave home for a period to look after cattle. Or they might head for the towns or cities to go to school or to seek their fortune, before eventually returning home. In addition, at times of stress families all over Africa send their children elsewhere to find safety, food, work and schooling.

Question 2: What's the main idea,detail 1 and detail 2?

TEXT 3:But during the war this process has escalated dramatically. Fearing they would be targeted as potential combatants, many boys left their villages and headed for cities such as Juba and Khartoum. Here they hoped to find work or schooling, though as these cities became saturated with migrants, the boys often had to resort to begging or petty crime.


Question 3: What's the main idea ONLY???

TEXT 4:.Others set out for refugee camps in Ethiopia. Some travelled with friends or relatives, others slipped away on their own at night. Few had any idea of what lay ahead of them. They believed the trek would last only a few days and discovered that they faced a harrowing journey of 6 to 10 weeks. Continually under threat, they would flee for their lives, losing their way in the wilderness. Often they lost everything en route—blankets, sheets, shoes, clothes and pots—to soldiers, swindlers or bandits. Many fell victim to killer diseases. Others were so weakened by hunger and lack of sleep that they could go no further and sat down by the roadside—prey for lions and other animals.

Question 4:What are the Hopes/Expectations and Realities


LAST QUESTION:Take a moment to jot down the central idea. So far, the author shows...

Kris has a baking blog, and he’s writing a post about how to decorate a birthday cake. Which would be the most helpful feature for Kris to include with his post? a poll that asks readers for their favorite flavor of cake an audio recording of Kris describing the decorating process a gallery of photographs of each step of the decorating process a video of Kris’s family enjoying the decorated cake

Which sentence contains an appositive phrase?

A. My soccer team, which is called the Easton Eagles, has a great record.
B. At the end of the day tomorrow, we have a big game across town.
C. David Sánchez, the coach of the opposing team, owns a music store.
D. My brother, sister, and I take guitar lessons there every Thursday.Percent of books Susan has less than

PLS HELP ME I WILL GIVE OUT BRAINLIST

A splitting headache can wreck a person's entire evening. is there a verb phrase

Question:

STORIES OF USEFUL INVENTIONS, excerpt
By S. E. Forman

1911

THE MATCH

There never was a time when the world was without fire, but there was a time when men did not know how to kindle fire; and after they learned how to kindle one, it was a long, long time before they learned how to kindle one easily. In these days we can kindle a fire without any trouble, because we can easily get a match; but we must remember that the match is one of the most wonderful things in the world, and that it took men thousands of years to learn how to make one. Let us learn the history of this familiar little object, the match.

Fire was first given to man by nature itself. When a forest is set on fire by cinders from a neighboring volcano, or when a tree is set ablaze by a thunderbolt, we may say that nature strikes a match. In the early history of the world, nature had to kindle all the fires, for man by his own effort was unable to produce a spark. The first method, then, of getting fire for use was to light sticks of wood at a flame kindled by nature—by a volcano, perhaps, or by a stroke of lightning. These firebrands were carried to the home and used in kindling the fires there. The fire secured in this way was carefully guarded and was kept burning as long as possible. But the flame, however faithfully watched, would sometimes be extinguished. A sudden gust of wind or a sudden shower would put it out. Then a new firebrand would have to be secured, and this often meant a long journey and a deal of trouble.

In 1827, John Walker, a druggist in a small English town, tipped a splint with sulphur, chlorate of potash, and sulphid of antimony, and rubbed it on sandpaper, and it burst into flame. The druggist had discovered the first friction-chemical match, the kind we use to-day. It is called friction-chemical because it is made by mixing certain chemicals together and rubbing them. Although Walker's match did not require the bottle of acid, nevertheless it was not a good one. It could be lighted only by hard rubbing, and it sputtered and threw fire in all directions. In a few years, however, phosphorus was substituted on the tip for antimony, and the change worked wonders. The match could now be lighted with very little rubbing, and it was no longer necessary to have sandpaper upon which to rub it. It would ignite when rubbed on any dry surface, and there was no longer any sputtering. This was the phosphorus match, the match with which we are so familiar.

What was the main problem with relying on nature to start a flame? (5 points)

Fire could only be collected with "sticks of wood" that were hard to find.
Fire had to be "carefully guarded," requiring someone to stay behind from hunting.
Fire had to be "carried to the home," which could be dangerous and awkward.
Fire was likely hard to find, requiring a "long journey and a deal of trouble."

In which stanza of the poem in Selection 2 does the narrator’s tone shift to convey excitement?


A)1st stanza


B)2nd stanza


C)4th stanza


D)5th stanza

(the poem


I gaze out the tour bus window at an ancient land.

The green fields could tell tales of centuries past.

Snaking rivers have chased their own tails and shed their blue skins

But are here for now.


5 I see a grove of trees sway slightly in the soft wind ahead.

Branches mime silent secrets beyond the window.

Shades of leaves have bloomed and faded and fallen again

But are here for now.


I look at a town of rubble beyond the passing trees.

10 Broken bricks and shattered shingles lie in a crisp grid of ruin.

This ancient village has prospered and faded, now felled by the axe of progress,

But is here for now.


It looks as if trees were planted to obscure the past.
These walls of leaves hide houses in pieces.
15 Someone wants to forget this short breath of history that has come and drifted onward

But is here for now.

Ahead a city gleams, a new horizon on ancient land.

Miles of glass and steel that speak at night with endless light.

A great future has arrived—an immovable age!

20 A permanent page in humanity’s tome of tales!—

But it is really only here for now.

HAHA *Antonio crying in laughter* ''Stop Driving so fast'' said Fernanda ''yes please Stop It were going to end up crashing'' Catalina said to Antonio. He Yelled back '' NO WERE NOT CAN YALL JUST STOP TALKING SO I CAN CONCENTRATE!! '' Well why are you RACING this guy anyways if we do end up crashing all he is going to do Is Leave us here dead'' * '' Oh I'm so scared were going to crash'' Antonio muttered under his breath looking at Catalina in the back seat

'' YO WATCH OUT'' *Screamed Fernando*

*Skrrr* *crash*

( 5 MINUTS LATER )

( Crawling out the flipped Damaged car ) *Screaming & Crying in Terrier* ''HURRY CALL THE POLICE'' Said Catalina ''OK '' ( Yelled the man Across the street while watching Catalina get out the car hurting ) *Typing on phone* ''Hello 911 What's Your're Emergency'' ''YESS WE NEED THE AMBULENCE HERE NOW ON *BEAR CREEK STREET 8564 THERE WAS A HUGE ACCIEDENT '' Ok Sir Please Calm Down The Police and Ambulance Are On Their Way now what happened is there anyone hurt? Asked the Lady. ''YES THERE IS THERE ARE BROKEN PIECES'S OF CAR EVERYWHERE AND THERE ARE TEEN'S IN THERE, AND THERE IS ALSO GIRL THAT IS HURT''. ''Ok'' were you there when the Accident Occurred '' No I wasn't I just came out to take the trash out'' Ok and where are you''? Umm I'm at the Gas Station'' *Police And Ambulance Siren's* ( Rushing Down The Street ) . The Police are here * Hangs up*

*Man Running to the Police Car* ! HELP THERE ARE SOME TEENAGERS IN THAT

CRASHED CAR SITTING ON THE SIDE OF THE ROAD AND A GIRL SHE'S HURT! *Police Hops out the car* ''Ok let me deal with this * Clicks on Flashlight*.

It was below 50 degrees Outside and the Street was frozen

It makes Driving sound like limbs of a tree Crackling.

Have you ever had something happen without Being Planned? Or something not Being Known before it happens. Like a Feeling That you feel like something Bad Is Going To Happen.

''I could feel the pain in my right leg, my Body shaking and trembling while I try to talk to the police scared about what to tell him and how my parent's will react with my behavior and why I was out here this late out with my friend's what am I even going to tell their parent's that their Daughter's and son's died all just because I wanted to sneak out and have fun.

Hello this was a Narrative Process Piece Hope You Enjoy Reading *Tell me if You Need Me To Change Anything

Which statement best gives the central idea of the excerpt from Immigrant Kids?

A: Medical examinations at Ellis Island forced many immigrants to return to their home countries.
B: Immigrants were willing to leave their homes and journey to the United States because they believed their lives would be better.
C: Immigrant children were luckier than their parents because they were able to start a new life so young.
D: Ellis Island was an important part of an immigrant's arrival to the United States.

Good authors choose their words very carefully. Take a few minutes to write a short paragraph describing an experience you have recently had. Pick a location you went to or an event you attended. Once you have finished, read over what you have written. Now, write a second paragraph. In it, you will repeat the information from the first paragraph, but you will choose your words more carefully. Ask yourself questions like: What words capture this image exactly? What is the best word to convey how something looked, or how I felt? Take more time with the second paragraph. Your response should be at least 150 words in total.

H E L P

Marcus uses the outlining method to take notes on types of tornadoes for science class. He organizes the information into three levels. His outline includes information about waterspouts, which are one type of tornado that forms over water. How should Marcus organize the information in his notes according to the outlining method?
The first-level text should be ____________ .
The second-level text should be ____________ .
The third-level text should be ____________ .
Answers Choices:
Waterspouts
Types of Tornadoes
Form Over Water

Passage 1: Excerpt from Will Yellow School Buses Soon Become Rolling Ads?
1 Tight school budgets could soon translate into Missouri school districts’ selling ad space on yellow school buses.



2 Missouri state Rep. T.J. Berry, R-Kearney, says his bill—HB 224—isn’t a cure-all by any stretch. But legalizing ads inside and outside the buses would give school districts one additional way to raise money in these tough times.



3 “Every single school district has had to deal with budget concerns,” Berry said last week. “And generally speaking, the way they have had to deal with those has been cuts or tax increases.”



4 The school bus is something that is already out there and paid for, he said. His bill would permit districts to generate a modest stream of income from their buses.



5 Few question the need for finding additional funds when it comes to educating children, but at least two groups think the school bus exteriors should remain ad-free.



6 “There is no such thing as free money,” said Josh Golin, associate director for the Campaign for a Commercial Free Childhood. “There are real costs to this: the price of selling out your students to advertisers.”



7 Students don’t need the first and last message they receive from their schools each day to be advertisements, Golin said. Students boarding a bus are certainly a captive audience.



8 The National Association of State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services opposes advertising on safety grounds. Obscuring the recognizable school-bus yellow exterior with ads and distracting other drivers “present a safety problem around school buses that cannot be ignored,” the group said in its position paper.



9 National studies have shown that anything that diverts a driver’s attention from the road can pose a hazard, opponents say.



10 “And a big yellow bus doesn’t distract?” Berry asked.



11 Several years ago in Indiana, a Department of Education lawyer suggested that allowing advertisements on buses would invite First Amendment challenges by spurned advertisers, the group noted.



12 Berry said the bill would limit the types of advertising that would be allowed.



13 The regulations would prohibit ads that contain obscene or sexual material, or messages associated with gambling, tobacco products, alcohol, and political campaigns or causes. The ads could not promote drug use or “any illegal activity or antisocial behavior.” They can’t contain “harmful, discriminatory, false, misleading or deceptive” messages.



14 “There are a lot of safeguards being built in,” he said.



15 Berry emphasized that the space reserved for the ads would be “very limited,” meaning toward the back of the bus.



16 By 2012, nine states—Arizona, Colorado, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Tennessee, Texas and Utah—permitted advertising on the exterior of school buses, according to the Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood. Several, including Missouri, considered it last year.



17 The bill made it out of the Missouri House last year but did not clear the Senate, Berry said. He acknowledged that the idea was “very controversial.”

(questions)

In Passage 1, how does the author represent the various points of view on the issue of advertisements on school buses?


A)by providing quotes from people on both sides of the issue


B)by describing the financial benefits for both sides of the issue


C)by sharing anecdotes from politicians on both sides of the issue


D)by elaborating on the benefits that would result from both sides of the issue

Which choice best explains what caused the narrator to feel that the Tanzanian culture was becoming his own culture? (document included)

A) the fact that he shared the experience of moving to Tanzania with his family


B) connecting to the culture through music, which he enjoyed from his first day in school


C) his mastery of the language, which enabled him to view the world as a native Tanzanian did


D) his decision to give up the ideas and traditions that were associated with is old culture and language ​

Passage 2: "Columbus"
Behind him lay the gray Azores,


Behind the Gates of Hercules;


Before him not the ghost of shores;


Before him only shoreless seas.


5 The good mate said: "Now must we pray,


For lo! the very stars are gone.


Brave Adm'r'l, speak; what shall I say?"


"Why, say, 'Sail on! sail on! and on!'" "My men grow mutinous day by day;


10 My men grow ghastly, wan and weak."


The stout mate thought of home; a spray


Of salt wave washed his swarthy cheek.


"What shall I say, brave Adm'r'l, say,


If we sight naught but seas at dawn?"


15 "Why, you shall say at break of day:


'Sail on! sail on! sail on! and on!'"


They sailed and sailed, as winds might blow,


Until at last the blanched mate said:


"Why, now not even God would know


20 Should I and all my men fall dead.


These very winds forget their way,


For God from these dread seas is gone.

Now speak, brave Adm'r'l, speak and say"-


He said: "Sail on! sail on! and on!"

25 They sailed. They sailed. Then spake the mate:


"This mad sea shows his teeth to-night.


He curls his lip, he lies in wait,


He lifts his teeth, as if to bite!


Brave Adm'r'l, say but one good word:


30 What shall we do when hope is gone?"


The words leapt like a leaping sword:


"Sail on! sail on! sail on! and on!"


Then, pale and worn, he kept his deck,


And peered through darkness. Ah, that night


35 Of all dark nights! And then a speck-

A light! A light! At last a light!


It grew, a starlit flag unfurled!


It grew to be Time's burst of dawn.


He gained a world; he gave that world


40 Its grandest lesson: "On!


In the Passage 2, which word supports the possibility that the sailors are losing faith in Columbus?


“mutinous” (line 9)


“ghastly” (line 10)


“swarthy” (line 12)


“blanched” (line 18)

We lived there for three days – Mother and we five children, the youngest of whom was three years old. Because of the rigorous physical examination that we had to submit to, particularly of the eyes, there was this terrible anxiety that one of us might be rejected. And if one of us was, what would the rest of the family do?

—Angelo Pellegrini
from Immigrant Kids,
Russell Freedman

Choose the detail that best supports the idea that the family was worried they would be rejected.

A: The eye examination was rigorous.
B: There were too many children.
C: The children were too young.
D: They were there for three days.

1) According to the Pew Research Center, 26 percent of American adults say they have not read a book in the past year. (2) Meanwhile, science supports the idea that reading is beneficial in many ways.3) Research conducted at the University of Toronto found that people who read short stories are more open-minded than people who read only nonfiction. (4) The authors said, “Although nonfiction reading allows students to learn the subject matter, it may not always help them in thinking about it.” 5) Yale University research shows that people who read books live longer. (6) A study of over 3,600 people over fifty found that people who read for thirty minutes daily lived an average of twenty-three months longer than people who did not read. (7) Reading improves many abilities, such as vocabulary, concentration, and thinking skills. (8) Reading also has an effect on emotional intelligence, social skills, and empathy-sensitivity to others’ feelings. (9) All of these things contribute to a person’s life span.10) Aim to read fifty books a year. (11) That number may sound like a lot, but think about how much time you waste scrolling on your cell phone. (12) Writer Marissa Fuller reports that reading more has made her feel peaceful and happier and that she is sleeping better. (13) She says, “his goal has truly changed my life. It’s really helping me to take a look at how I spend my day.”
Which phrase or sentence from the passage best sums up the writer’s claim/controlling idea?
Write the sentence number. What type of evidence does the writer use to support the claim/controlling idea? (Example: facts, quotes, statistics, etc.)
Provide two types of evidence that support the claim/controlling idea?

In paragraph 1 of selection 2, the use of quotation marks with the word " dangers " presents the author’s tone as


A)concerned.


B)indifferent.


C)questioning.


D)sarcastic.

(the paragraph)
When crime spikes in a city, one of the first things local governments propose is enforcing a teen curfew. Officials often use emotional arguments that teens either aren’t safe at night or are causing trouble. A curfew, they say, will help reduce crime and save children from all sorts of “dangers.”

In paragraph 2 of Selection 2, the author uses the word incessant to suggest that the


A)sound does not stop.


B)smell is not pleasant.


C)sensations are familiar.


D)surroundings are safe.



(the paragraph)
2 After ten more minutes he cautiously raised his head and looked about. By the light of the open hatchway above, he gazed at the cargo. It seemed endless, row upon row of crates, boxes, barrels. There was also a considerable amount of litter, sticks, staves, and blocks of wood. Moreover, the entire hold was so terribly foul, with such a ghastly stench, the rasping and grating of wood timbers so irritatingly incessant, that Laurence hardly knew what to cover first, his eyes, his ears, or his mouth.

Sebastian wanted to read the article in his social studies book that he was going to be tested on quickly. His teacher told him he should re-think that idea. Explain to Sebastian how to determine the appropriate reading rate.

Passage 1: Excerpt from Chapter 4 of Jane Eyre



In this section from the end of Chapter 4, Jane Eyre is still a child and is taking leave of her guardian, Mrs. Reed, who has treated her with great unkindness.



1 I gathered my energies and launched them in this blunt sentence—



2 “I am not deceitful: if I were, I should say I loved you; but I declare I do not love you: I dislike you the worst of anybody in the world except John Reed; and this book about the liar, you may give to your girl, Georgiana, for it is she who tells lies, and not I.”



In paragraph 2 of Passage 1, Jane exclaims, “I am not deceitful.” What reason does Jane have for using the word deceitful?


A)to explain that she is not lazy


B)to explain that she is not truthful


C)to explain that she is not forgetful


D)to explain that she is not dishonest

Judy Blume's career as an American writer spans four decades and includes many literary awards. She is most famous for her novels geared toward pre-teens. One notable example is Tales of a Fourth-Grade Nothing. However, Blume also has had success writing for an adult audience. Three of her novels for adults reached the New York Times best-seller list. In a 2008 interview Blume remarked, "I have so many stories left to tell!" By that time she had written nearly 30 novels. Judy Blume an exceptionally talented and productive American author.

Which of the following statements supports the main idea in this paragraph?

Blume only publishes books that she expects will win awards.
Blume prefers to write novels for adults rather than pre-teens.
Blume has had an extremely and uncommonly long writing career.
Blume is a gifted writer who can write for children as well as adults.

What is the most likely meaning of the metaphor in the following sentence?

Caden kicked the soccer ball hard, transforming it into a missile headed straight for the goal.

A. The metaphor comparing Caden to a soccer ball suggests that Caden is very athletic.
B. The metaphor comparing the soccer ball to a missile suggests that the ball moved rapidly toward its target.
C. The metaphor comparing the soccer ball to a missile suggests that the ball burst due the strong kick.
D. The metaphor comparing Caden to a soccer ball suggests that Caden runs extremely fast.

Which question helps you determine a writer's opinion rather than his or her perspective?
1. What personal experiences are described in the essay or article?
2. What does the writer want me to think, believe, or do?
3. What other topics and issues has this writer researched?
4. What is the writer's qualifications for writing about the issue?

I NEED HELP................

15 Points/ Brainliest

“Laurence in the Hold” describes Laurence’s first day as a stowaway aboard a ship. Write a narrative about Laurence’s second day on the ship. Make sure your narrative is a believable continuation of Laurence’s first day.

Elaborate on Max’s statement: “He doesn’t need a suit of armor.” What is Max implying about Killer Kane?

FREAK THE MIGHTY! PLEASE HELP!

I NEED HELP FAST NO MORE THEN 10 MINUTES


THE MATCH

(this is the bolded paragraph)There never was a time when the world was without fire, but there was a time when men did not know how to kindle fire; and after they learned how to kindle one, it was a long, long time before they learned how to kindle one easily. In these days we can kindle a fire without any trouble, because we can easily get a match; but we must remember that the match is one of the most wonderful things in the world, and that it took men thousands of years to learn how to make one. Let us learn the history of this familiar little object, the match.

Fire was first given to man by nature itself. When a forest is set on fire by cinders from a neighboring volcano, or when a tree is set ablaze by a thunderbolt, we may say that nature strikes a match. In the early history of the world, nature had to kindle all the fires, for man by his own effort was unable to produce a spark. The first method, then, of getting fire for use was to light sticks of wood at a flame kindled by nature—by a volcano, perhaps, or by a stroke of lightning. These firebrands were carried to the home and used in kindling the fires there. The fire secured in this way was carefully guarded and was kept burning as long as possible. But the flame, however faithfully watched, would sometimes be extinguished. A sudden gust of wind or a sudden shower would put it out. Then a new firebrand would have to be secured, and this often meant a long journey and a deal of trouble.

In 1827, John Walker, a druggist in a small English town, tipped a splint with sulphur, chlorate of potash, and sulphid of antimony, and rubbed it on sandpaper, and it burst into flame. The druggist had discovered the first friction-chemical match, the kind we use to-day. It is called friction-chemical because it is made by mixing certain chemicals together and rubbing them. Although Walker's match did not require the bottle of acid, nevertheless it was not a good one. It could be lighted only by hard rubbing, and it sputtered and threw fire in all directions. In a few years, however, phosphorus was substituted on the tip for antimony, and the change worked wonders. The match could now be lighted with very little rubbing, and it was no longer necessary to have sandpaper upon which to rub it. It would ignite when rubbed on any dry surface, and there was no longer any sputtering. This was the phosphorus match, the match with which we are so familiar.


Which line from the bolded paragraph shows the value of the match?
…but there was a time when men did not know how to kindle fire
…it was a long, long time before they learned how to kindle one easily
There never was a time when the world was without fire
In these days we can kindle a fire without any trouble, because we can easily get a match