When using the liquid-based method for the collection of a specimen for a pap test, plastic fronded broom is used
What is checked in a Pap test?The Pap test (or Pap smear) looks for pre cancers, cell changes on the cervix which may become cervical cancer if they are not treated appropriately. The HPV test looks for the virus (human papillomavirus) which will cause these cell changes.
What happens if a Pap test is positive?If the results of your Pap test come back positive, meaning your doctor found abnormal or unusual cells on your cervix. It doesn't suggest you have cervical cancer. most frequently , the abnormal test result means there are cell changes caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV).
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Which wave has the smallest amplitude?
Answer : D , the red one.
Answer:
d
Explanation:
it is the smallest
9. Sally Leadfoot was pulled over on her way from Syracuse to Ithaca by an officer claiming she was
speeding. The speed limit is 65 mi/hr and Sally had traveled 97 km in 102 minutes. How fast was
Sally’s average speed? Does she deserve a ticket?
10. An overzealous parkour jumper accidentally falls from a two story building. Don’t worry, his ninja-like
reflexes left him with only a minor ankle sprain (but don’t try this at home!) If the two story building was
20.0 ft tall, how many millimeters was this? (2.54 cm = 1 in).
1. Sally's average speed is 35.38 miles/hr. She deserves no ticket
2. The 20.0 ft tall building is 6096 mm tall.
Miscellaneous calculationFor the first problem, recall that: speed = distance/time.
The distance covered by Sally is 97 km within 102 minutes.
1 km = 0.62 miles
97 km = 0.62 x 97
= 60.14 miles
60 minutes = 1 hr
102 minutes = 102/60
= 1.7 hours
The average speed of Sally can be calculated as:
60.14/1.7 = 35.38 miles/hr
Since the speed limit is 65 mi/hr, this means Sally's speed is still within acceptable limits and does not deserve a ticket.
For the second problem:
1 ft = 12 inches
20 ft = 12 x 20
= 240 inches
1 inch = 2.54 cm
240 inches = 2.54 x 240
= 609.6 cm
1 cm = 10 mm
609.6 cm = 10 x 609.6
= 6096 mm
Thus, the 20.0 ft tall building is 6096 mm tall.
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A carbonated soft drink that has a ph of 3 is ________ times more acidic than water.
Compared to water, a carbonated soft drink with a pH of 3 is 10,000 times more acidic.
What is meant by acidic in nature?
Acids include different types of acids and vinegar; they differ from bases in that they have a lower pH. The Latin term acidus, which means "sour or harsh," is where the word acid, which originally meant "of the taste of vinegar," originates from.
Bases are compounds that can accept a proton, while acids are substances that can donate a proton.
The answer is 10,000 because every pH unit change makes something 10 times more acidic.
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The first ionization energy for a gas-phase atom of a particular element is 6. 24 × 10^–19 j. What is the maximum wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that could ionize this atom?.
The maximum wavelength of electromagnetic radiation which can ionize this atom is 320 nm or 320 x 10^-9 m.
The ionization energy is the minimum amount of energy that should be given to an element to eject electrons out of it i.e ionizing it.
The relation between Energy(E) and wavelength(λ) is as follows
E = hc/λ
Here h = Planck’s Constant = 6.626 x 10-34 J s
c = speed of light = 3 x 10^8 m/s
λ = wavelength of electromagnetic radiation
Putting the given values in the above equation
6.24 x 10^-19 J = 6.626 x 10^-34 x 3 x 10^8/ λ
λ = 320 x 10^-9 m.
Thus, the maximum wavelength of electromagnetic radiation which can ionize this atom is 320 nm or 320 x 10^-9 m.
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What is the ph for Ph hydrochloric acid a 0.05m Solution of hydro chloric acid
ph of 0.05M hydrochloric acid is 1.3 .
pH = -log10[H+]
= -log10[0.05] – log10[5 × 10-2]
= 2 – log5
= 2 – 0.6990
= 1.301
We already know that HCl is a powerful acid. As a result, it totally dissociates in an aqueous solution. As a result, the concentrations of H⁺ and HCl are the same. As a consequence, the pH of the aqueous solution of HCl is 1.31.
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If you originally had 200g of substance A, how much will you have left after 4
half-lives?
If you originally had 200 g of substance A , 50 g of reactant have left after 4 half - lives .
At four half life the fraction remaining of a substance is 1/16 or 0.25 of initial concentration and percentage remaining is 25 % .
So , If you originally had 200 g of substance A is present then amount of reactant left after 4 half-lives = 200 g × 0.25 = 50 g .
Example of half - life is given below ,
Within one half-life, the amount of radioactive nuclei present at any particular time will be reduced to half. For instance, if a sample contained 100g of Cf-251 at some point, there would still be 50g of Cf-251 after 800 years. There would only be 25g left after an additional 800 years (a total of 1600 years).
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One of the most profound ideas proposed by Max Planck was
O electrons constantly emit light.
O special relativity.
O electron energies are quantized
O atoms follow the "plum pudding" model
According to the research, the correct option is electron energies are quantized. Max Planck was a popular German physicist who proposed that electron energies are quantized, considered to be the founder of quantum theory.
What is quantum theory?It is a probabilistic and quantification theory by Max Planck giving the name of the minimum amount of clusters to atoms that radiates energy formed by corpuscles in the form of light or heat only, as small packets.
In this sense, Planck assumed that light does not travel as a particle but as packets of light in the form of electromagnetic radiation which he called quanta, this was the basis on which what is known as quantum theory was founded.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is electron energies are quantized. Max Planck was a popular German physicist who proposed that electron energies are quantized, considered to be the founder of quantum theory.
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A chemical is placed on a balance in an airtight container. the balance initially reads 200.0 g.200.0 g. what will the balance read after the chemical is ignited and completely burned?
Based on the law of conservation of mass, the reading of the balance will be 200.0 g.
What will be the reading of the balance after the chemical is completely burnt?According to the law of conservation of mass, matter cannot be created nor destroyed but can change from one from to another.
In the given experiment, the chemical is placed on a balance in an airtight container and weighed bore it was ignited and allowed to burn completely. This means that the reaction occurred in a closed system, such that matter is not being exchanged with the surrounding.
The reading obtained in the balance before the reaction took place took into account the amount of air present in the container.
Therefore, no change in the reading of the balance will be observed and the balance will read 200.0 g.
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environmental researchers have collected rain acidity data for several decades. they want to see if there is any evidence that attempts to reduce industrial pollution have produced a trend toward less acidic rainfall. they should display their data in a(n)
Environmental researchers have collected rain acidity data for several decades. They want to see if there is any evidence that attempts to reduce industrial pollution have produced a trend toward less acidic rainfall. They should display their data in a Time plot.
Acid Rain: What Is It?
Any type of precipitation that contains acidic elements, such as sulfuric or nitric acid, that falls to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms is referred to as acid rain, also known as acid deposition. Rain, snow, fog, hail, and even acidic dust might fall under this category.
Only one variable—the acidity level of the rainfall over a specific time period—will be present in the data used to create the plot or graph. But because the gbwre data is time-dependent, the plot is a time series. As a result, this is a two-dimensional univariate plot with time on the other axis and the acidity label Rainfall on the first. The time series plot is therefore the appropriate type of graph to use to illustrate this kind of data.
Questions:
Environmental researchers have collected rain acidity data for several decades. They want to see if there is any evidence that attempts to reduce industrial pollution have produced a trend toward less acidic rainfall. They should display their data in a(n)... a. Bar graph b. Time plot c. Histogram d. Box plot
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enter your answer in the provided box. an important industrial route to extremely pure acetic acid is the reaction of methanol with carbon monoxide: h5sil950 use bond energies to calculate the heat of reaction.
According to the question, the heat of the reaction has been -22 kJ/mol where a negative sign illustrates the occurrence of the exothermic reaction.
What is the Heat of reaction?The heat of reaction may be defined as the amount of energy that is significantly absorbed or liberated by the system in order to form the products. This is calculated on the basis of bond energies.
The energy constituent by each bond in the reactant has been the heat of the reactant, and the energy of the product has been the heat of the product.
The heat of the reaction can be calculated by the following formula:
H= [tex]H_r_e_a_c_t_a_n_t - H_p_r_o_d_u_c_t[/tex].The reactant molecules are [tex]CH_3OH[/tex] and C≡O.
The bond energy of the reactant is as follows:
[tex]H_r_e_a_c_t_a_n_t[/tex] = 3 × C-H + C-O + O-H + C≡O.
= 3 × 413 + 358 + 467 + 1070
= 3134 KJ/mol.
The product molecule has been [tex]CH_3COOH[/tex].
The bond energy of the product is as follows:
[tex]H_p_r_o_d_u_c_t[/tex] = 3 × C-H + C-O + O-H +C-C + C = O.
= 3 × 413 + 358 + 467 + 347 + 745.
= 3156 KJ/mol.
The heat of the overall reaction is as follows:
ΔH = [tex]H_r_e_a_c_t_a_n_t - H_p_r_o_d_u_c_t[/tex]
= 3134 - 3156 = -22KJ/mol.
Therefore, the heat of the reaction has been -22 kJ/mol where a negative sign illustrates the occurrence of the exothermic reaction.
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Which statement best describes a scientific question?
It must be based on a hypothesis.
It must be supported by data.
It must be testable.
It must be original.
Answer:
It must be based on a hypothesis
Explanation:
if i remember correctly
fill in the blank question. in the quantum mechanical model of the atom, an electron is viewed as a wave-particle that occupies a three-dimensional space near the nucleus. the movement of the electron is described by a function, which is also called an atomic .
In the quantum mechanical model of the atom, an electron is viewed as a wave-particle that occupies a three-dimensional space near the nucleus. The movement of the electron is describes be a function, which is also called an atomic orbital.
An electron possesses dual nature, i.e. it has both wave as well as particle nature.
According to this theory, since there is wave associated with every electron so, it also possesses a wave function ψ.
However, there is no such physical significance of ψ but ψ² has.
ψ² tells the maximum probability of finding an electron in a particular region.
This region where the probability of finding an electron of an atom is maximum is known as atomic orbital.
There are different shapes of the atomic orbitals.
Some of the orbitals and their shapes are mentioned below:
(I) s orbital - spherical
(ii) p orbital - dum-bb-ell
(iii) d orbital - double dum-bb-ell
(iv) f orbital - ( no discrete shape)
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How can nitrogen be both an element and a molecule?
Answer:
Nitrogen is a chemical element with an atomic number of 7 (it has seven protons in its nucleus). Molecular nitrogen (N2) is a very common chemical compound in which two nitrogen atoms are tightly bound together. Molecular nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and inert gas at normal temperatures and pressures.
Explanation:
i had this quest before but it might be different 4 u tho.:)))))))
With seven protons in its nucleus, nitrogen has the atomic number 7 and is a chemical element.
Thus, Two nitrogen atoms are securely linked together to form the chemical molecule known as molecular nitrogen. At normal temperatures and pressures, molecular nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and inert gas.
Numerous different forms of contaminants contain atoms of nitrogen. Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide can be produced during high temperature combustion when nitrogen gas is present, as in car engines.
Both gases contribute to the creation of nitric acid, which is a component of acid rain, and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), which is a key component of smog.
Thus, With seven protons in its nucleus, nitrogen has the atomic number 7 and is a chemical element.
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Alice added sodium chloride to water and stirred the water for several minutes. Alice is most likely trying to demonstrate that ionic compounds.
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound. The chemical name of Sodium chloride is NaCl.
What are ionic compounds?Ionic compounds are made up of ions. They have charged particles. Ionic compounds when dissolved in solvents they form ions. Sodium chloride losses Na + and cl ions. Magnesium oxide will form mg2+ and O2 ions.
Ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents. Examples are water, methanol and formamide. For ionic compounds to dissolve there will be ionic compounds will form.
Ionic bonds are not directional. There would be electrostatic or columbic attraction will be form in molecules. The bonding seen in ionic compounds is called ionic bonding. There are two types of ions seen in molecules such as positive ions and negative ions.
Therefore, Sodium chloride is an ionic compound. The chemical name of Sodium chloride is NaCl.
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Answer: B
Explanation: JUST TOOK THE QUIZ
draw the structure of the product(s) formed on mixing propanoic acid and aniline and then the new organic product formed on heating. be sure to show formal charges and draw the appropriate number of condensed hydrogens on oxygen and nitrogen atoms, where necessary.
Below is a diagram of the product's structure. The product is amide.
Aniline's N atom functions as a nucleophile, whereas propanoic acid's carbonyl group functions as an electrophilic center. A nucleophilic acyl substitution process takes place when aniline and propanoic acid are combined and heated. An amide is created during this reaction. At the carbonyl center, the reaction mechanism follows the addition-elimination pathway. The complete response mechanism is displayed here. An acyl group (R-C=O) joined to a nitrogen atom forms the functional group of an amide, which is typically an organic compound: The simplest amides are ammonia (NH3) derivatives with an acyl group in place of one hydrogen atom.
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calculate the mass of HNO3 obtained when 20.0g of KNO3 reacts completely with excess concentrated H2SO4
The mass of HNO3 obtained is 12.46 g from the given reaction.
The chemical reaction is :
Potassium Nitrate + Sulphuric acid ------> Potassium Bisulphate + Nitric acid.
The above reaction is basically used for the making of nitric acid.
Less than 200 degree celcius the Nitric acid if more than 200 degree celcius then it will form Potassium Sulphate.
Now,
1 mol of KNO3 reacts with1 mol of concentrated H2SO4 to give 1 mol HNO3
Molar Mass of KNO3 = 101.1 g
Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98.07 g
Mass of H2SO4 that can react with 20 g of KNO3 = (20 g* 98.07 g )/ 101.1 g
= 19.4 g
Molar mass of nitric acid= 63.01 g
Hence mass of nitric acid produced by 20 g of KNO3 = (20 g * 63.01 g ) / 101.1 g = 12.46 g
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Write a balanced, net ionic equation for the precipitation reaction of cacl2 and cs3po4 in an aqueous solution. Remember to include the proper physical states and charges of ions. When writing ions, if a charge number is not 1, place the charge number before the charge sign. If a charge sign is 1, do not include the charge number in the formula.
The balanced chemical equation for the precipitation reaction of CaCl₂ and Cs₃PO₄ in an aqueous solution is:
3Ca²⁺(aq) + 2PO₄³⁻(aq) → Ca₃(PO4)₂(s)
The insoluble salts Ca₃(PO4)₂ and CsCl are created when the calcium ion in CaCl₂ interacts with the phosphate ion in Cs₃PO₄. CaCl₂(aq) + CsO₄(aq) Ca₃(PO4)₂(s) + CsCl.
The unbalanced reaction is:
CaCl₂(aq) + Cs₃PO₄(aq) → Ca₃(PO4)₂(s) + CsCl(aq)
To balance the calcium:
3CaCl₂(aq) + Cs₃PO₄(aq) → Ca₃(PO4)₂(s) + CsCl(aq)
The chlorides:
3CaCl₂(aq) + Cs₃PO₄(aq) → Ca₃(PO4)₂(s) + 6CsCl(aq)
And the Cs:
3CaCl₂(aq) + 2Cs₃PO₄(aq) → Ca₃(PO4)₂(s) + 6CsCl(aq)
This is the balanced reaction, the ionic equation is:
3Ca²⁺(aq) + 6Cl⁻(aq) + 6Cs⁺(aq) + 2PO4³⁻(aq) → Ca₃(PO4)₂(s) + 6Cs⁺(aq) + 6Cl⁻(aq)
Subtracting the ions that don't react:
3Ca²⁺(aq) + 2PO4³⁻(aq) → Ca3(PO4)2(s)
This is the net ionic equation
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consider the following reaction: ca(oh)2(aq) + 2hcl(aq)®2 h2o(l) + cacl2(s) determine the limiting reactant when 1.00 g of each reactant is combined. what is the theoretical yield of h2o?
ca(oh)2(aq) + 2hcl(aq)®2 h2o(l) + cacl2(s)
the limiting reactant when 1.00 g of each reactant is combined is ca(oh)2.
What is limiting reagent?
The stoichiometry of chemical processes states that a specific number of reactants are required for the reaction to be complete. Other names for them are limiting reactants and limiting agents.
In a chemical reaction, there are two techniques to determine the limiting reagent. Comparing the mole ratio of the reactants involved in a chemical reaction is one way. Comparing the masses of the reactants involved in a chemical reaction is another way. The limiting reagent is the one that reacts with a smaller amount of product.
Since, Ca(OH)2 is in the ratio 1:2 with HCl, which means for two moles of HCl, one mole of Ca(OH)2 is consumed which is required in smaller amount, Thus if Ca(OH)2 is present in less amount the reaction depend on its concentration and is limited by it. so ca(oh)2 is the limiting reagent.
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Give an example of an extensive property in an intensive property of an iron nail
An extensive property is a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample.
An intensive property is a property of matter that depends only on the type of matter in a sample and not on the amount.
Examples of Extensive properties:
The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter that an object contains. A small sample of a certain type of matter will have a small mass, while a larger sample will have a greater mass.Another extensive property is volume. The volume of an object is a measure of the space that is occupied by that object.Examples of Intensive properties:
The electrical conductivity of a pure substance is a property that depends only on the type of substance. Silver, gold, and copper are excellent conductors of electricity, while glass and plastic are poor conductors. A larger or smaller piece of glass will not change this property. Other intensive properties include color, temperature, density, and solubility.Read more about Intensive & Extensive properties:
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The separation of the components of a mixture is based upon the fact that each component has different ______________ properties. The components of a mixture are separated based on their ___________ properties.
The separation of the components of a mixture is based upon the fact that each component has different physical properties. The components of a mixture are separated based on their physical properties.
A mixture is the physical combination of two or more substances suspended in the form of a solution, suspension, or colloid. Mixtures generally are of two types: homogenous and heterogenous mixtures. Homogenous mixtures have a uniform composition as the particles are uniformly distributed. On the contrary, heterogeneous mixtures have a non-uniform appearance because of their easily distinguishable constituents distributed across the mixture.
The components of a mixture can be separated based on their physical properties by the methods like distillation, chromatography, filtration, etc. The physical properties based on which the components of mixtures can be separated include boiling point, ability to dissolve, or the size of constituent particles.
The varying physical properties contribute to separating molecules by evaporation, filtration, handpicking, etc.
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The lindeman-hinshelwood mechanism explains that role of m as a stabilizing force for the reaction. taking these reactions, write an equation for the steady state concentration of o3
The lindeman-hinshelwood mechanism explains that role of m as a stabilizing force for the reaction.
By steady state concentration,
d[O] dt = d[O3] dt =0 (7) we can solve for [O] and [O3]
What is the Lindemann-Hinshelwood mechanism?
The unimolecular processes that take place in the gas phase are explained by the Lindemann-Hinshelwood mechanism. This method is typically employed in both isomerization reactions and gas phase breakdown. The isomerization of cyclopropane is an illustration of isomerization through a Lindemann mechanism.
The steady state approximation makes the assumption that, after a brief initial period, the concentration of the chemical intermediates will be constant throughout time, meaning that the rate of change in the intermediate's concentration over time will be zero.
Thus by steady state concentration,
d[O] dt = d[O3] dt =0 (7) we can solve for [O] and [O3]
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What are the standard deviation and the relative standard deviation for the percent of cacl2 2h2o in the sample?
Standard deviation refers to the percentage of responses that fall inside particular points on a bell curve, whereas relative standard deviation refers to the amount of a standard deviation as a measure of the mean. Although both can be stated as departures from the mean, neither can be negative.
Relative standard deviation vs. standard deviationThe standard deviation measures how far a given collection of data deviates from the mean value. In contrast, a type of standard deviation is the relative standard deviation. The standard deviation calculates the accuracy of your results. It demonstrates how closely the outcomes matched the mean value.
While relative standard deviation quantifies the precision or standard deviation of the mean value. While relative standard deviation is referred to as RSD, the standard deviation is referred to as SD.
In chemistry, mathematics, and statistical calculations, the phrases standard deviation, and relative standard deviation are most frequently employed. These phrases are used to gauge a result's degree of precision. While relative standard indicates the amount of standard deviation, standard deviation measures how closely a result varies from the mean value. The standard deviation can be determined to be modest or significant. RSD and SD make analysis performance predictions. Our analysis is more accurate if these values are modest, and vice versa.
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1. Even though Ecuador and Norway are located in the northern hemisphere, Norway is colder compared to Ecuador. Explain.
Norway is a Nordic nation in North-Western Europe that borders Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Due to its reputation for having an exceptionally cold winter season, it has grown to be a very famous tourist destination in Europe, yet more than half of its yearly tourists arrive during the milder months of May to August.
The lowest temperature ever recorded in Norway was -51.4°c on New Year's Day in 1886. Although temperatures and meteorological conditions around the world vary, Norway may experience some rather extreme lows. Norway has a variety of climatic characteristics that explain why it has the coldest climate in all of Europe. Here are a couple of them justifications.
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1.8 kJ into joules
How do I convert this into joules
Answer:
1800
Explanation:
Use a Kilojoules to joules converter. Or to do it is:
One kilojoules is equal to 1000 joules:
1kJ = 1000J
The energy E(J) in joules (J) is equal to the energy E(kJ) in kilojoules times 1000:
E(J) = E(kJ) × 1000
Hope this helped you!
A turtle moves at a speed of 1.0 km/h. How fast is the turtle
moving in meters per second (m/s)?
Answer:
0.278m/s (3sf) OR 0.28m/s (2dp)
Explanation:
1km = 1000m
1h = 3600s (60mins x 60 secs)
1000m/3600s (simplify)
10m/36s (simplify by dividing both sides by 36)
(1/36)m/s OR 0.27777777777ms/s
Round up:
0.28m/s (2dp) or 0.278m/s (3sf)
if all of this coal is burned how much co2 will be emitted into the atmosphere? how much will this increase the co2 content of the atmoshphere in ppm?
coal is burned and co2 will be emitted into the atmosphere.
What is ppm?
PPM, or parts per million, is the most effective way to express the level of performance or chemical concentration in a bigger mixture. This could be used to describe the components of water, the faulty rate of a provider, etc. Being a ratio of two quantities of the same unit, it is theoretically a dimensionless measure that is represented as a percentage and is better suited to representing lesser concentrations of chemicals in gases, liquids, or solids.
When a coal is burned, it releases a certain amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in relation to the energy it produces. Compare the quantity of CO2 released per unit of energy output or heat content to compare emissions across fuels.
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how do you think the layers of liquid would look if you put the liquids into the cylinder in a different order? why?
Answer:It actually does not matter in which order you add the three different liquids into your jar; the layers will always end up being the same: The corn syrup settles on the bottom, the colored water is in the middle and the vegetable oil floats on the top.
Explanation:
Water particles in gas coming off of a pan of boiling water are moving slower than the particles of the water in the pan.
We want to see what happens to the particle's speed in a given material as the temperature changes and it faces a change of phase.
We will see that the particles in the gas (vapor of water) have a larger speed than the ones in the liquid water.
As we increase the temperature of the material, the kinetic energy of the particles that make the material increase (thus the speed increases). This causes the particles to move more, and this is why as we increase the temperature, is likely to see an increase in the volume.
Then as we increase the temperature of liquid water and that water starts to change of phase (by boiling) the kinetic energy of the particles increase, and thus, the speed increases. then the particles will be moving faster than the particles of the water in the pan.
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an aqueous potassium iodate ( kio3 ) solution is made by dissolving 508 grams of kio3 in sufficient water so that the final volume of the solution is 2.90 l. calculate the molarity of the kio3 solution.
An aqueous potassium iodate solution is made by dissolving 508 grams of in sufficient water so that the final volume of the solution is 2.90 L then its molarity is 0.818 M .
Calculation ,
Given mass ( m ) = 508 grams
molar mass ( M ) = 214 g/mol ( known )
Number of moles ( n ) = given mass/molar mass = 508 grams / 214 g/mol
Number of moles ( n ) = 2.37 moles
Volume of the aqueous potassium iodate ( V ) in liter = 2.9 L
molarity is calculated as,
Molarity = number of moles / volume of the solution = 2.37 moles / 2.9 L
Molarity = 0.818 M
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Is atomic spectrum of hydrogen due to the ionization of hydrogen molecules?
Answer:
Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen. When an electric current is passed through a glass tube that contains hydrogen gas at low pressure the tube gives off blue light. When this light is passed through a prism (as shown in the figure below), four narrow bands of bright light are observed against a black background.
Explanation:
that hydrone molecules Diprotic acids