this is an example of Identification
Technicians in forensic science work at crime scenes and in labs. Typically, forensic science technicians do the following tasks at crime scenes: Investigate crime scenes to decide what evidence needs to be gathered and how. The crime scene and the evidence should both be photographed. In forensic crime labs, forensic DNA analysts perform analyses on samples collected from crime scenes. While some forensic DNA analyzers work for privately owned forensic laboratories, the majority of them are employed by local, state, or federal law enforcement or governmental organizations. The definition of forensic analysis is a thorough procedure for identifying, looking into, and recording the cause, progression, and effects of a security incident or violation of local, state, and organizational regulations.
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How many significant figures are in the number 1.89 ' 10³?
A. 3
B. 1
C. 4
D. 5
E. 2
Answer:
A. 3
____________________________________________
What are significant figures?
Significant figures are used to establish the number which is presented in the form of digits. These digits carry a meaningful representation of numbers. The term significant digits are also used often instead of figures. We can identify the number of significant digits by counting all the values starting from the 1st non-zero digit located on the left. For example, 12.45 has four significant digits.
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Answer: A
Explanation:
1.89 ==> 1 + 8 + 9 ==> 3 sig figs ==> A
for what maximum kinetic energy is a collision between an electron and a hydrogen atom in its ground state definitely elastic?
Maximum Kinetic energy is 10.2
What is maximum K.E. ?A photoelectron's maximum kinetic energy at a particular frequency. = ℎ − , m an x, where h is that the Planck constant, f is that the frequency of the incoming photon, and W is that the work function of the metal surface, gives the maximal K.E. of a photo electron.
Evaluating :Measurements are made of the cross section for the elastic scattering of electrons with energies lower than 10.2 eV by free hydrogen atoms. A dc beam crossed an atomic hydrogen beam that was chopped at a low frequency in an experiment that was similar to Bederson's in that a signal was produced from the electrons dispersed by the particles in the neutral beam.
The signal from the electrons that were dispersed by the beam appeared at the modulation frequency and at a predetermined phase, with their identification.
The ratio of the hydrogen atom's and therefore the molecule's cross sections was directly measured, and absolute values for the atomic cross section were calculated using absolutely the molecular cross-section.The experimental findings support the thought .
Electron energy within the ground state is 0.13.6
Second energy level: 3.4; overall energy state difference: 10.2
Thus, K.E. equals 10.2.Therefore, we are aware that some electron K.E. was transmitted to the hydrogen atom during an elastic collision.
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I need help with this
Cu-63 and Cu-65 have 34 and 36 neutrons, respectively, in each atom. 27- Because copper has an atomic number of 29, which essentially implies that an atom of copper has 29 protons and 29 electrons, an atom of copper has a total of 29 electrons.
The stable isotope of copper is copper-63, which has a nuclear spin of 3/2, a relative atomic mass of 62.929601, and a natural abundance of 69.2 atoms. a trace element of a heavy metal having the atomic symbols Cu, 29, and 63.55. This atom has the mass number 63 because it is a copper-63 atom. Every atom of a particular element has the same atomic number, which may be determined as the element's number on the predictable.
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Approximately how many times greater is the diame-
ter of an atom than the diameter of its nucleus?
Knowing that most of an atom's mass is contained in
the nucleus, what can you conclude about the density
of the nucleus?
A typical atom's diameter is 10,000 times greater than its nucleus' diameter, and the nucleus is where the majority of the mass and density of the atom are concentrated.
Nucleus :At the center of each atom, there is a tiny, dense area known as the nucleus. It has a net positive charge because it is made up of positive protons and neutral neutrons. Although the nucleus only makes up a very small portion of the atom, it is where almost all of its mass is found.
A positively charged nucleus and one or more negatively charged particles known as electrons make up an atom. The atom has no excess of electrons because the positive charges cancel out the negative charges, making it electrically neutral.
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Mercury metal is poured into a graduated cylinder that holds exactly 20 mL. The mercury used to fill the cylinder has a mass of 306.0 g. From this information, calculate the density of mercury.
*
Don't forget the units!
In what ways might the one(s) that does (do) not have a metabolic energy source (caffeine) provide the perception of increased energy after consumption?
A can of Red Bull provides the perception of increased energy because it contains a very high level of sugar and caffeine.
What is caffeine?A methylxanthine class stimulant, caffeine stimulates the central nervous system (CNS). It is employed as a cognitive enhancer to improve alertness and attentional function. In order to increase the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, caffeine works by preventing adenosine from attaching to the adenosine A1 receptor. Through nonselective inhibition of phosphodiesterase, caffeine also raises levels of cyclic AMP.
Chemically related to the adenine and guanine bases of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline purine known as a methylxanthine alkaloid (RNA). Many plants native to Africa, East Asia, and South America include it in their seeds, fruits, nuts, or leaves. By limiting the germination of neighboring seeds, it aids in protecting these plants from herbivores and competition.
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F 45.0 ml of 1.200 m of aqueous silver nitrate and 120.0 ml of 0.850 m of aqueous magnesium chloride are mixed, what mass (in g) of the precipitate will form?
The mass of the precipitate (AgCl) formed when 45.0 ml of 1.200 m of aqueous silver nitrate was mixed with 120.0 ml of 0.850 m of aqueous magnesium chloride is 7.73928 g.
Precipitate refers to the insoluble ionic solid products of a reaction. The formation of precipitate occurs when certain cations and anions combine in an aqueous solution.
To know the mass of the precipitate formed when aqueous silver nitrate and aqueous magnesium chloride are mixed, first is to get its balanced chemical reaction.
[tex]MgCl_{2(aq)} +2AgNO_{3(aq)}= 2AgCl_{(s)} +Mg(NO_{3} )_{2(aq)}[/tex]
This is a precipitation reaction where AgCl is the precipitate.
If the 45.0 ml aqueous silver nitrate has a concentration of 1.200 M, then
moles of solute = concentration x liters of solution
moles of AgNO3 = 1.200 mol/L x 0.045 L
moles of AgNO3 = 0.054
If the 120.0 ml aqueous magnesium chloride has a concentration of 0.850 M, then
moles of solute = concentration x liters of solution
moles of MgCl = 0.850 mol/L x 0.120 L
moles of MgCl = 0.102
From the balanced reaction, the mole ratio of the reactants and products are:
1 : 2 : 2 : 1
1 mole magnesium chloride mixed with 2 moles silver nitrate will produce 2 moles silver chloride and 1 mole magnesium nitrate
If there are 0.054 moles AgNO3, then it should react with 0.027 moles MgCl. The calculated number of moles of MgCl is in excess, thus making the AgNO3 the limiting reagent. The amount of product formed is limited by this reagent.
If there are 0.054 moles AgNO3, mixed with excess MgCl will produce 0.054 moles AgCl.
To solve for its mass, use the formula for its molar mass.
mass = molar mass x moles
mass AgCl = 143.32 g/mol x 0.054 moles AgCl
mass AgCl = 7.73928 g
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Choose the metal that is produced by electrolysis of its molten chloride salt. select one: a. mg b. ca c. sr d. ba e. all of these
The correct answer is [b] calcium is the metal that is produced by electrolysis of its molten chloride salt.
What is a metal?Metals are the opaque, lustrous elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity. Most metals are malleable and ductile and are, in general, denser than other elemental substances
Any of various opaque, fusible, ductile, and typically lustrous substances that are the good conductors of electricity and heat, form cations by loss of electrons, and yield basic oxides and hydroxides especially :the one that is a chemical element as distinguished from an alloy.
A metal may be a chemical element such as iron; an alloy such as stainless steel; or molecular compound such as polymeric sulfur nitride.
In physics, a metal is generally regarded as any substance capable of conducting the electricity at a temperature of absolute zero. Many elements and compounds that are not normally classified as metals become metallic under the high pressures.
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what is the increase in p2o5 concentration between 10.0 and 40.0 s ? express your answer with the appropriate units.
Average rate = - d reactant/d time + d product/d time
negative sign indicates that decrease in concentration of reactant and positive sign shows the increment in concentration of product
d represents the change in concentration, t represents time
Considering the reaction
2H3PO4→P2O5+3H2O
rate = d ( p^2o^5)/ d t
= (p^2o^5) 40 sec - (p^2o^5) 10 sec / 30
= 7.0 * 10^-3- 1.10 * 10^-3/30
rate = 2 * 10^-4m/s
2H3PO4→P2O5+3H2O
rate = - d H3PO4/2t = d ( p^2o^5)/ d t
d H3PO4/t = 2 * d ( p^2o^5)/ d t
= 2 * 2 * 10^-4
= 4 * 10^4 m/s
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The boiling point of water is 100°C. The boiling point of acetone is 56°C. Which statement about distilling a mixture
of acetone and water is correct? (1 point)
O Acetone remains in the in original container.
O Water will vaporize from the mixture before acetone.
O Acetone will vaporize from the mixture before water.
•
Water is collected as it leaves the mixture.
Answer:
Acetone will vaporize from the mixture before water.
Explanation:
You have mentioned that the bp of water is 100°C and the bp of acetone is 56°C.We know that in the distillation process of mixture the substance having low bp vaporizes,condenses and gets collected in the separete container before the one having high bp.So the one having high bp remains in the original container and that is water.
Thus, the second option is correct.
what is the relationship between the coefficients in a balanced chemical equation for an overall reaction and the exponents in the rate law?
For elementary reaction, coefficients in a balanced chemical equation are the same as the exponents in the rate law.
Can you determine the rate law from the balanced chemical equation?For elementary reactions, the order of the elementary reaction is that the same as its molecularity. In contrast, the speed law cannot be determined from the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction
Do coefficients affect reaction rate?
But the coefficient affects the worth of rate constant K. the worth of the coefficient k changes with the conditions that affect reaction rate, like temperature, pressure, area , etc. A smaller rate constant value shows that the reaction is slow, while a bigger rate constant indicates a faster reaction.
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Nitriles can be converted into carboxylic acids. how would you use ir spectroscopy to monitor the progress of this reaction?
Fats or oils are created when the hydroxide group of glycerol combines in a dehydration synthesis process with the carboxyl group of fatty acids.
What is dehydration ?Your body loses more fluids when you are dehydrated than you are taking in. If unattended to, it could get worse and become a serious problem.
When you don't drink enough water or lose more than you take in, you become dehydrated. Sweat, tears, vomiting, urination, and diarrhea all cause fluid loss. Climate, level of physical activity, food, and other variables can all affect how severe dehydration is.
Dark urine, decreased urination, headaches, weariness, dry skin, decreased skin turgor, and poor focus are all indicators of dehydration.
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What is the ph of a solution formed by adding 4.3 x 10-5 moles of koh in one liter of water? question 22 options: 2.3 x 10-10 4.4 7.0 9.6 4.3 x 10-5
The pH of the solution formed by adding 4.3 * 10^-5 moles of KOH in one litre of water is 9.6.
Given:
No. of moles of KOH = 4.3 * 10^-5 moles
Volume of solution = 1L
Molarity = No. of moles / Volume of solution
M = 4.3 * 10^-5 / 1
M = 4.3 * 10^-5
p[OH] = -log[OH^-]
p[OH] + p[H] = 14
pH = 14 - pOH
pOH = 14 - pH
14 - pH = -log(4.3 * 10^-5)
14 - pH = 4.3
pH = 14 - 4.3
pH = 9.6
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Solve for b.
a+b+2c=3
Answer: b=3-2c-a
Explanation:
a+b+2c=3
a-a+b+2c=3-a
b+2c=3-a
b+2c-2c=3-2c-a
b=3-2c-a
calculate the ph of a dilute solution that contains a molar ratio of potassium acetate to acetic acid (pka
The ph of a dilute solution that contains a molar ratio of potassium acetate to acetic acid is 5,46.
pH pKa log
pH 4.76 log ([acetate]/[acetic acid]), where [acetate]/[acetic acid] is the ratio given for each part of the question.
pH = pka + log [acetate/acetic acid]
pH = 4.76 + log ( 5/1)
pH = 5.46
What is acetic acid?Ethanoic acid, ethylic acid, vinegar acid, and methane carboxylic acid are other names for acetic acid, which has the chemical formula CH3COOH.
As a byproduct of fermentation, acetic acid gives vinegar its distinctive smell. About 4-6% of the acetic acid in vinegar is water.
Acetic acid, officially known as ethanoic acid, is an organic molecule with the chemical formula CH3COOH that is acidic and colorless. Apart from water and other trace ingredients, vinegar has at least 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid its primary ingredient.
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balance the following chemical equation, then answer the following question. c8h18(g) o2(g)→co2(g) h2o(g) how many grams of oxygen are required to react with 20.0 grams of octane ( c8h18 ) in the combustion of octane in gasoline?
The balanced equation is a combustion reaction . The reaction is as follows:
2C₈H₁₈(g) + 25O₂(g) →16CO₂(g)+18H₂O(g)
Equating :
The number of moles in 20 grams of octane can be calculated as follows:
No. Of moles=mass/relative molecular mass.
=20/(12*8+1*8)
=20/104
=0.2moles
The reaction ratio is 2:25
Hence if 2 moles octane react with 25 moles of oxygen
According to the law of conservation of mass, the mass of the products must be same because the mass of the reactants in every chemical equation. Thus the amount of atoms of every element must be same on both sides of the equation.
2 moles of octane weigh = 2×114g/mol
= 228g
25 moles of oxygen weigh = 25 × 32g/mol
= 800g
Thus 228 g of octane reacts with 800 g of Oxygen.
20 g of octane reacts with g of Oxygen.
= [tex]\frac{800}{228} *20 = 70.2 g of oxygen[/tex]
What is combustion in a reaction?
combustion, a reaction between substances, usually including oxygen and typically accompanied by the generation of heat and light in the form of flame.Examples of Combustion Reactions
Imagine the wood burning during a fireplace. The wood is fuel which continuously reacts with oxygen within the air in a combustion reaction. the hearth produced is energy being released in a long exothermic reaction, while the smoke you see is CO2
What is the product of combustion reaction?
For a combustion reaction, the products will always be CO₂ (CO₂ C O 2 ) and water (H₂O H 2 O ). Combustion reactions always have two products: CO₂ and water.
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Describe two physical properties and one chemical property of the materials used for dental braces,
The physical and chemical properties of the dental braces would be listed and explained below.
What are dental braces?Dental braces are the dental devices or tools that are used for correction of abnormally developed tooth.
Wearing of dental braces can help to permanently straighten the teeth.
The physical properties of dental braces include the following:
they have abrasion and abrasion resistancethey have thermal diffusivity and coefficient of thermal expansion.The chemical properties of dental braces is that they are chemically inert leading to its ability to avoid any reaction with the wet (as well as low and high pH) environment of the mouth.
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Contains a variety of enzymes that can degrade proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates.
Numerous enzymes that can break down proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates are found in lysosomes.
What is lysosomes?
A membrane-bound organelle called a lysosome is present in many mammalian cells. They are spherical vesicles that can degrade a wide range of biomolecules thanks to hydrolytic enzymes they carry. The proteins that make up a lysosome's membrane and lumen have a distinct makeup. The pH of the lumen, which is between 4.5 and 5.0, is ideal for the hydrolysis-related enzymes, similar to how the stomach functions.
In addition to degrading polymers, the lysosome is also involved in secretion, plasma membrane repair, apoptosis, cell signaling, and energy metabolism in cells.
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Which type of radiation has the greatest penetrating ability?
a) alpha particle
b) beta particle
c) positron
d) gamma ray
e) all radiation has the same penetrating ability
The correct option (D) Gamma ray. The Gamma-ray has the greatest penetrating ability among alpha, beta, gamma, and positron radiation.
What is penetrating ability?The various emissions have very different levels of penetrating ability, also known as piercing power. A particle is the least incisive due to its size and slow emission. It can be blocked by a piece of paper or a human hand. Beta particles, which are more invasive than alpha particles, can be stopped by a small layer of metal.
Of the three main categories of emissions, gamma particles are the most harmful. A strong lead shield must be used to block gamma radiation. Fermions are a special case since they entirely disappear when they interact with electrons. The penetrating power of radioactive emissions is demonstrated by the generation of two 180-degree-distance gamma emissions as a result of an electron-positron collision.
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An irregularly-shaped piece of aluminum (Al) has a mass of 67.3 grams. What is the volume in cm³ of this piece of aluminum if its density is 2.70 g/cm³?
Answer:
Volume = 24.9 cm³
Explanation:
To calculate the volume of the piece of aluminum given its mass and density, we can use the following formula:
[tex]\boxed{{\mathrm{Volume = \frac{Mass}{Density}}}}[/tex].
We are told that the piece of aluminum has a mass of 67.3 grams and that aluminum has a density of 2.70g/cm³. Using this information and the formula above, we can calculate the volume of the piece of aluminum:
Volume = [tex]\mathrm{\frac{67.3 \ g}{2.70 \ g/cm^3}}[/tex]
= 24.9 cm³
Therefore the volume of the piece of aluminum is 24.9 cm³.
The stock solution of hcl is 12 molar hcl. how many milliliters (ml) of 12 m hcl would you add to produce 0.15 liters (l) of hcl? ml hcl
The volume of the stock solution is 6.25 mL.
Stock solutions are manufactured by the technician or pharmacist and have a known concentration for ease of dispensing.
A closed surface-enclosed three-dimensional space's volume is measured physically.
12 molar of HCl is required to make 500 ml of 0.15 liters.
The number of moles n of HCl can be calculated as:
c = n / V
n = c × V
n = 0.15 M × 500 ml
n = 0.15 M × 500 × 10⁻³
n = 0.075 moles HCl
Now, the volume of the stock can be calculated using the number of moles of hydrochloric acid.
c = n / V
V = n / c
V(stock) = 0.075 moles / 12 M
V(stock) = 0.075 moles / (12 moles/ L )
V(stock) = 0.00625 L
V(stock) = 0.00625 × 10³ mL
V(stock) = 6.25 mL
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NEED HELP ASAP FOR TEST!!
6,156,099,000,000 written in scientific notation
Answer:
6.156099 × 10^12
PLEASE HELP ASAP! 2 grams of potassium (K) reacts with 5 grams of Oxygen (O). According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, how many grams of potassium oxide (K2O) will be produced?
O 10 grams
O 7 grams*
O 2 grams
O 5 grams
I think it is 7, however could someone confirm please?
Answer:
7
Explanation:
yeah you just need to add 2 grams of potassium to 5 grams of oxygen
To solve this question we must know the concept of stoichiometry. Thus, 2.355ggrams of K₂O can be produced from 2 grams of K and 5 grams of O₂. option c is correct option
What is stoichiometry?Stoichiometry is a part of chemistry that help us in making relationship between reactant and product from quantitative aspects.
The balanced equation is
4 K + O₂ → 2 K₂O
From stoichiometry we can draw the following information
K: 4 moles
O₂: 1 mole
K₂O: 2 moles
The molar mass of the compounds is:
K: 39.1 g/mole
O₂: 32 g/mole
K₂O: 94.2 g/mole
The mole of respective molecule is
K: 2g÷39.1 g/mole= 0.05mole
O₂: 5g ÷32 g/mole= 0.15mole
K will be the limiting reagent.
4 mole of K produces= 2 mole of K₂O
1 mole of K produces=1/2 mole of K₂O
0.05 mole of K produces = (1/2)×0.05
= 0.025mole
mass of K₂O= 94.2 g/mole×0.025mole =2.355g
Thus, 2.355ggrams of K₂O can be produced from 2 grams of K and 5 grams of O₂. option c is correct option
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A man heats a balloon in the oven. The balloon initially measures 0.402 L with a temperature of 20.0°C, what will the volume of the balloon be after he heats it to a temperature of 250.0°C?
The volume of the balloon after he heats it to a temperature of 250.0°C is 0.718L.
How to calculate volume?The volume of a balloon at a particular temperature can be calculated by using the Charles law formula as follows:
V1/T1 = V2/T2
Where;
V1 = initial volumeV2 = final volumeT1 = initial temperatureT2 = final temperatureAccording to this question, a man heats a balloon in the oven. The balloon initially measures 0.402L with a temperature of 20.0°C. However, the volume of the balloon after he heats it to a temperature of 250.0°C can be calculated as follows:
T1 = 20°C + 273 = 293KT2 = 250°C + 273 = 523K0.402/293 = V2/523
523 × 0.402 = 293V2
210.25 = 293V2
V2 = 210.25/293
V2 = 0.718L
Therefore, the volume of the balloon after he heats it to a temperature of 250.0°C is 0.718L.
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bromothymol blue (btb) is a chemical that indicates the presence of carbon dioxide in water. if a beaker of water is mixed with btb, what color will water turn to determine if there is a large amount of carbon dioxide present in the water
An indicator dye called bromothymol blue (BMB) turns yellow in the presence of an acid. The pH of the solution is lowered when carbon dioxide is added because carbonic acid is formed as a result.
What takes place when carbon dioxide and bromothymol blue interact?An indicator dye called bromothymol blue (BMB) turns yellow in the presence of an acid. The pH of the solution is lowered when carbon dioxide is added because carbonic acid is formed as a result.
What shade of blue does bromothymol take on in hydrochloric acid?Bromothymol blue with concentrated hydrochloric acid is the magenta color on the left. Bromothymol blue can be used as a respiratory indicator or for monitoring photosynthetic processes (turns yellow as CO 2 is added). Exhaling via a tube into a neutral BTB solution is a typical way to demonstrate BTB's pH indicator abilities.
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Complete the sentences that explain how you would proceed to determine the molarity of an acetic acid solution, hc2h3o2 .
The complete sentences are as follows:
To a predetermined volume of the acetic acid solution, add a few drops of Indicator.Add moles of NaOH solution with known molarity to a burette. The acetic acid solution changes color as soon as one drop of NaOH is added.Using the volume and molarity of the NaOH solution, calculate the volume that must be added to reach the endpoint. This is the number of moles of acetic acid in the sample.The molarity of the acetic acid solution is then calculated using the calculated moles of NaOH and the initial known amount of NaOH.What exactly is molarity?The molar concentration of a chemical specie in a solution, specifically the amount of a solute per unit volume of solution, is measured.
The most commonly used unit of molarity in chemistry is the number of moles per liter, denoted by the unit symbol mol/L or mol/dm3 in SI units.
What is acetic acid's molarity?The number of moles of the solute present in one liter of solution is referred to as molarity. In layman's terms, 1 mole equals the atomic weight of the substance. 1 mole of acetic acid, for example, is equivalent to 60.05 g of acetic acid (molecular weight = 60.05). Method of calculation: Values that are well-known Glacial acetic acid density 1.049 g/ml.
What is the purpose of acetic acid in chemical reactions?Acetic acid is also used in the chemical reaction that yields purified terephthalic acid (PTA), which is used in the production of PET plastic resin, which is used in synthetic fibers, food containers, beverage bottles, and plastic films. Solvents: Acetic acid, like ethanol, is a hydrophilic solvent.
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design an experiment discussing how you will determine what your unknown sample is using a flame test.
The flame test uses the distinctive color that salt gives the flame of a Bunsen burner to help visually identify an unknown metal or metalloid ion. The metal ions become excited atoms due to the flame's heat, and these excited atoms release visible light.
An orange-red flame test color is produced by a sample of an ionic chemical. Find the metal ion that is present. Pour a clean wire loop into a solid sample of the substance being tested to conduct a flame test.
Place the loop into the edge of a Bunsen burner's blue flame.
examine and note the hue of the flame that is produced.
The flame test's colors are a result of the electrons' excitement as a result of the elevated temperature.
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The density of aluminum is 2.71 g/cm³. What is the mass of a 9.8 cm3 piece of aluminum?
Round to the correct number of significant figures and include units.
Is it an element or homogeneous
Answer: These are homogeneous elements
Explanation:
How many atoms comprise the motif of a cf or fcc crystal which has a unit cell that contains 256 atoms?
The no. of atoms comprise the motif of a fcc orb.
14 unit atoms make up 1 unit cell
256 atoms will make up 256/14 unit cells. = 18 unit cells.
What is an fcc lattice?
In the FCC structure, there are six atoms in the centre of each of the six unit cell faces and eight atoms in each of the unit cell's eight corners. Consequently, 8 + 6 = 14 atoms make up a unit cell.
One of the most typical atomic arrangements in pure solids is the Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) crystal structure. FCC has an APF of 0.74 because it is tightly packed. FCC is also incredibly ductile and has 12 distinct slip systems.
The number of atoms in a face-centered cubic unit cell is four. A line that runs diagonally from a cube's top corner to its bottom corner on the same side of the cube is equivalent to 4r.
14 unit atoms make up 1 unit cell
Thus, 256 atoms will make up 256/14 unit cells. = 18 unit cells.
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