The hermaphroditic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has a mapped somatic lineage that is mostly invariant, yet during larval and adult stages, germ cells continuously multiply in a stem cell niche.
Early embryonic cell divisions happen quickly and don't have G1 or G2 phases. The G1 phase only appears late in embryogenesis in a small proportion of actively dividing cells, according to the existing evidence, and it is first noticed at gastrulation.
Different DNA replication rates, which are partly explained by the variable activation of the DNA-replication checkpoint, result in differences in the time of early embryonic cell cycles between lineages.
The formation of post-embryonic cell lineages is closely controlled, with cycles of cell division starting and ending at particular times during larval development. Although changes to the heterochronic pathway, which controls the sequence of larval programs, might indirectly change the time of cell divisions, the extrinsic or intrinsic cues that regulate the timing of initial cell-cycle entry remain unknown.
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Consider a portion of a gene that contains 48 nucleotides. how many amino acids will be coded for by this section of the gene?
The portion of a gene that contains 48 nucleotides can synthesize 16 different amino acids of a given polypeptide chain.
What is a codon?A genetic codon is a sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a gene that specifies a given amino acid after transcription to mRNA and the translation in the ribosomes.
There are 20 different amino acids which can be codified by 64 different nucleotide codons (which represent triplets of nucleotides), it is for that reason that the genetic code is said to be degenerate.
In conclusion, the portion of a gene that contains 48 nucleotides can synthesize 16 different amino acids of a given polypeptide chain.
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What is the largest number of different genotypes that could be associated with any one phenotype? is there any phenotype that could be represented by only a single genotype?
The number of different genotypes associated with a phenotype may be nearly infinite and one phenotype is represented by only a single genotype in the case of a monogenic character that exhibits only one allele.
What is a genotype?A genotype can be defined as a specific allele combination of an organism for a given locus or several loci associated with a specific characteristic trait, but this term also makes reference to the nucleotide sequence (i.e. the genome) that forms the genetic material of an individual.
Conversely, a phenotype is any observable feature and or traits of the individual, which is associated with the genotype in the cases of characters governed by genetics instead of environmental factors.
In conclusion, the number of different genotypes associated with a phenotype will depend on the number of genes involved in the expression of the character (it may be nearly infinite) and one phenotype could effectively be represented by only a single genotype in the case of a monogenic character that exhibits only one allele.
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The smallest clade that includes all protists and archaea would also include? fungi only animals and fungi animals only animals, fungi and bacteria bacteria
The smallest clade that includes all protists and archaea would also include animals and fungi.
Why were Archaea and Bacteria grouped together?Archaea and bacteria are the part of the same taxonomic kingdom because they were both are prokaryotic organisms that have no nucleus in their cells but the scientists also discovered in their research that archaea has different molecular structure as compared to bacteria. Clade is a branch that has a single common ancestor and all of its descendants. A cladogram is a diagrams that shows ancestral relationships between different types of organisms. Animals and fungi are also include in one clade because of their similarities.
So we can conclude that the smallest clade that includes all protists and archaea would also include animals and fungi.
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WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms. A key feature in the life cycle of plants is the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid generations. Imagine a lineage of flowering plants in which mitotic cell division did not occur between the events of meiosis and fertilization (see Figure 30.12). In a short essay (100-150 words), describe how this change in the timing of cell division would affect the structure and life cycle of plants in this lineage.
The alternation of generations is a phenomenon present in the life cycle of all plants and also in some algae and fungi. This alternation means that during the life of the plant it will go through a haploid phase, called the gametophyte, which will alternate with the diploid generation, known as the sporophyte. The change in cell division time would affect the structure and life cycle of plants in this lineage because the haploid time, where the plant does not reproduce, will increase, making the plant inferred and not producing offspring for a longer time.
What happens during cell division?Before any cell division, DNA duplication occurs during interphase. The G2 phase corresponds to the interval between DNA synthesis and mitosis. The cell continues to grow and produce proteins.
With this information, we can conclude that The classification of cells in diploid and haploid refers to the chromosome set of each one.
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Explain a technique that can be used to distinguish between simple and compound leaves. Define all scientific terms that you use.
A technique that can be used to distinguish between simple and compound leaves is the pattern of incisions on the leaves of the plant.
Incisions are cuts into the soft tissue of the leaf. If the incisions on the leaf did not touch the midrib of the leaf, it is called as simple leaf. Midrib is the large vein that is visible in the middle of the leaf.
The compound leaf is one in which the incisions or cuts touch the midrib and the leaf would be divided into several leaflets. Leaflet is a part of compound leaf with leaf like structure.
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Particles in a liquid have _____ movement than particles in a solid.
Group of answer choices
a more orderly arrangement
more movement
less movement
Which one of the five categories of sensory receptors is primarily dedicated to external stimuli?
According to the given statement:
In general, only external stimuli are detected by electromagnetic receptors.
What do magnetic receptors do?Light energy causes electromagnetic receptors to react. Examples include rods and cones because they react to photons. Thermal sensors react to temperature variations. Receptors have a certain modality preference, but they also have a more refined preference for specific features within that modality.
Where can you find electromagnetic receptors?Somatosensory receptors are found in a variety of tissues besides the skin, including the muscles, tendons, joint capsules, and ligaments. Temperature and pain are two sensorial signals that are translated by free nerve terminals.
Which senses involve electromagnetic receptors?Sight makes use of electromagnetic waves, hearing makes use of air or water waves, and smell makes use of molecules carried by such a medium as water or air.
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The metabolic machinery of the cell, highly organized structures that carry out specific functions for the cell are __________.
The highly organized structures that carry out specific functions for the cell are called organelles.
What are organelles?Inside cells, organelles are specialized structures that carry out a variety of tasks. Literally, the phrase refers to "tiny organs." Organelles provide specialized duties to keep a cell alive, just like organs like the heart, liver, stomach, and kidneys serve specific roles to keep an individual alive.
Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, which are divided into two distinct groups based mostly on the existence of one organelle, the nucleus, are types of cells. Eukaryotic cells have nuclei, but prokaryotic cells do not. The nucleus is a sizable organelle that houses DNA and acts as the brain of the cell. Prokaryotic cells often make up single-cell creatures, whereas eukaryotic cells typically make up multicellular species.
Therefore, organelles are the structures of the cell that carry out its specific functions.
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Properties of the cell membrane
Stephanie was helping her mother make spaghetti for dinner. She saw the water begin to boil over the pot on the stove and wondered if there was any way to keep the water from boiling over. Stephanie’s mother told her she could add salt in the water to keep it from boiling over. Stephanie wanted to test if this was true. The following day, Stephanie and her mother got two pots of equal size. They added two cups of water to both pots and a 25 grams of salt to one pot. They set both pots on the same size burners on the stove on high heat and timed to see how long they both took to boil over. They found that the pot without salt boiled over much quicker than the pot with salt. What is the independent, dependent, Experimental control, and the constant.
Ind. variable: salt added/not added. Dep. variable: water boiling over. Controlled variables: pot size, number of water cups, high heat. Exp. group: Water to which salt was added. Control group: Water with no salt on it.
What are the variables in an experiment?Independent variableThis is the variable changed on porpose by the researcher to study how these changes affect the dependent variable response, and hence, the experiment results.
Dependent variableThis is the one directly affected by the changes provoked by the independent variable. It will change following the changes in the independent variable.
Controlled variablesSince several variables might influence the results, the researcher must keep constant all the other variables that might influence the results. The reason is to make sure the only one affecting the dependent variable response is the independent one.
In the exposed example,
Goal: to test if salt keeps water from boiling over fast.
Independent variable: added salt
Dependent variable: water boiling over
Controlled variables: pot size, number of water cups, high heat.
Experimental group: Water to which salt was added
Control group: Water with no salt on it.
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Select the biochemical pathways that are involved in the breakdown of glucose? conjugation citric acid cycle glycolysis transpiration electron transport chain
The Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and pyruvate oxidation make up the entire biological process that are involved in the breakdown of glucose.
What is citric acid cycle glycolysis?The citric acid cycle is a series of chemical reactions that eliminate high-energy electrons and use them in the electron transport chain to create ATP.
One molecule of ATP (or an equivalent) is produced each time the cycle is completed. The chemicals used in the citric acid cycle are created during glycolysis.
Pyruvate will eventually be broken down via the citric acid cycle in the cell's mitochondria to inorganic molecules like carbon dioxide and water, releasing all the energy held within the molecule.
Therefore, cellular respiration is involved in the breakdown of glucose.
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the ""rock-eating"" bacteria are typically known as choose one: a. lithotrophs. b. chemotrophs. c. autotrophs. d. organotrophs.
The "rock-eating" bacteria are typically known as lithotrophs.
Lithotrophs- A bacterium known as a lithotroph uses inorganic substrates as a supply of electron donors to fuel energy acquisition while utilising carbon dioxide or organic carbon as a source of carbon to build cellular components.
Bacteria- Microorganisms that are unicellular, capable of autonomous reproduction, and generally free-living are known as bacteria. In nature, bacteria are found everywhere. The foundation of all life on earth, they are architecturally basic but functionally sophisticated creatures.
Microorganisms- Microorganisms, often known as microbes, are tiny organisms that can be single, multicellular, or clusters of cells. Widespread in nature and helpful to life, microorganisms may also be quite dangerous.
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PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS
Answer:
A: Cytoplasm
Explanation:
Suppose a toxin was found that entered cells and selectively destroyed their ribosomes. what effect would this probably have on the cell?
If a toxin enters the cell and destroys the ribosomes, the cell will not function properly and can end in its destruction.
What effect would this probably have on the cell?The effect that it could have on the cell is that the proteins for the various processes that occur within the cell, such as the formation of enzymes, will not be formed correctly, which will end in the cellular processes that it may have, such as the production of certain cellular signals to give their functions.
Therefore, we can confirm that if a toxin enters the cell and destroys the ribosomes, the cell will not function properly and can end in its destruction.
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Consider a grassland with five trophic levels: grasses, mice, snakes, raccoons, and bobcats. If you released additional bobcats into the grassland, how would grass biomass change if the bottom-up model applied? If the top-down model applied?
If the number of bobcats increased, the number of plants would decrease in bottom-up model but increase in a top-down model.
What is the bottom-up model and top-down model?The bottom-up model refers to the model where changes affect the bottom to the top.
The top-down model is the model in which changes affect the top before the down first.
Considering the grassland with five trophic levels:
grasses,mice,snakes,raccoons, andbobcats.Grass is at the bottom whole bob-cats are at the top.
Using a bottom-down model, if the number of bobcats increased, the number of plants would decrease.
Using a top-down model, if the number of bobcats increased, the number of plants would increase.
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In addition to temperature, a terrestrial biome is defined by? i. annual precipitation. ii. distinctive animal species. iii. distinctive plant species.
Biomes are defined according to their climatic patterns (temperature, precipitation) and vegetation structure. Options i and iii. annual precipitation and distinctive plant species.
What is a biome?A biome might be defined as a community at a supercontinental scale.
It is a group of communities from different parts of the world that express the same or very similar physiognomy.
Biomes are defined according to climatic patterns, vegetation structure, and the other forms of life inhabiting them. This is an ecological classification.
The location of a biome is determined by climatic conditions in each region.
Precipitation and humidity levels are significant factors that characterize the biome.
In addition to temperature, a terrestrial biome is defined by
i. annual precipitation.
iii. distinctive plant species.
Option i and iii are correct
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Water moving from a high concentration in the plasma to an area of lower concentration in the kidney tubule is an example of?
Water moving from a high concentration in the plasma to an area of lower concentration in the kidney tubule is an example of osmosis.
What is osmosis?Osmosis is the process in which there is a passive diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane where it passes from the most dilute solution to the least dilute. This process occurs without an energy expenditure since it does not require the use of energy-dependent channels for diffusion to take place.
Therefore, we can confirm that water moving from a high concentration in the plasma to an area of lower concentration in the kidney tubule is an example of osmosis.
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the dispute over the relative importance of genetics and learning is often called the evolved modifiability debate. the dispute over the relative importance of genetics and learning is often called the evolved modifiability debate. true false
The relative importance of genetics and learning is often called the evolved modifiability debate. This is False. The debate is actually about how much of our behavior is due to nature (genetics) versus nurture (environment).
Most experts now agree that both nature and nurture play a role in human development. However, the debate continues about which is more important. Some people believe that our genes are the most important factor in determining our behavior. Others believe that our environment is more important.
There is no easy answer to this debate. Both factors are important in shaping who we are. However, it is likely that the importance of each varies from person to person.
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A common starting point for scientists who seek to learn new things is a(n) __________ .
A common starting point for scientists who seek to learn new things is observation.
What is the role of observation in science?Science depends heavily on observation. Through observation, scientists collect evidence that enables them to develop and later test theories and hypotheses. Using their own senses or tools to improve their vision or hearing, such as microscopes, scanners, or transmitters, scientists can observe in a variety of ways. These tools allow for more exact and accurate observations. Instruments are also used by scientists to track intangible phenomena like pH or radiation.
How do scientists make new discoveries?By presenting observational data and making an effort to form a preliminary, rough knowledge of a phenomenon, discovery is produced. A five-sigma degree of certainty is the generally accepted definition of a discovery in the field of particle physics.
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An example of secondary succession is:_____.
a. crabgrass colonizing an abandoned wheat field.
b. grasses colonizing sand dunes.
c. lichens colonizing a rock.
d. weeds colonizing a volcanic lava flow.
An example of secondary succession is (a) crabgrass colonizing an abandoned wheat field.
Secondary succession is the phenomenon where the establishment of life takes place again because the climax community of the early succession was removed. However, the essential conditions for life are still present in the area where succession takes place. The time taken to establish secondary succession is less than the primary succession.
Crabgrass are the grasses, scientifically known as Digitaria. Their native habitat is the warm and tropical temperate regions. It is an annual plant that lives only for one year and then dies. The crabgrass can be of two types: smooth crabgrass and hairy crabgrass.
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Your client has a diagnosis of hypervolemia. what would be an important intervention that you would initiate?
According to the research, the correct option is giving diuretics, and a low-salt diet. If a client has hypervolemia would be an important intervention giving diuretics and a low-salt diet.
What is hypervolemia?It is the abnormal concentration of fluids and solutes in all compartments of the body and is a factor that enhances cardiovascular mortality.
In this sense, it is considered as the excess volume of liquids; due to the abnormal retention of water and sodium in the same proportions in which they usually exist in the extracellular medium.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is giving diuretics, and a low-salt diet. If a client has hypervolemia would be an important intervention giving diuretics and a low-salt diet.
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explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way in which it is different from simple diffusion. quizlet
Facilitated diffusion is similar to simple diffusion in that it consumes no energy and diffuses material along a gradient. Facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion in that it necessitates the presence of carrier proteins.
Simple diffusion and assisted diffusion are two forms of passive transport techniques in which molecules are transported across the cell membrane. It leverages natural entropy to shift molecules from higher to lower concentrations until the concentrations are equalized. As a result, no ATP energy is required for molecular movement. Passive transport is classified into four types: osmosis, simple diffusion, assisted diffusion, and filtration. The primary distinction between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that simple diffusion is an unassisted type of diffusion in which a particle moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration across a membrane, whereas facilitated diffusion is the transport of substances across a biological membrane through a concentration gradient via a carrier molecule.
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How does energy transfer through a forest?
Answer:
Photosynthesis
Explanation:
Source: Energy Flow - Tropical Rainforest Biome Energy Flow Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by plants through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis produces oxygen for all organisms and a source of food for herbivores.
Hope this helps.
Which compound does not cross the inner mitochondrial membrane due to lack of a specific transport protein?
NADH compound does not cross the inner mitochondrial membrane due to lack of a specific transport protein.
All living cells contain the coenzyme NADH, which consists of two nucleotides connected by their 5'-phosphate groups, one of which contains an adenine base and the other of which contains nicotinamide. It functions as a cofactor and a fundamental metabolite. Both a NAD and a NAD(P)H.Cristae, or folds, are formed by the inner membrane and extend into the matrix, or interior, of the organelle.A high energy electron is transferred along an electron transport chain to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Hydrogen is pumped out of the matrix space by the energy released. As a result, a gradient is produced that forces hydrogen back through the membrane via ATP synthase.To learn more about mitochondrial.
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Can someone please help me with this!!!!
The term experiment has to do with the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables in a study .
What is an experiment?When we are are carrying out an experiment, the aim is always to know the effect of one variable on another. One is the dependent variable and the other is the independent variable
Experiment A
Independent variable - Cure for knee problem
Dependent variable - Relief from the knee problem
Control group - Those who were given the placebo
Experiment B
Experimental variable -The reaction of the deer
Independent variable - The use or not of the tiger urine
Dependent variable -Whether or not the deer was repelled from the tree seedlings
Control group - Tree seedlings without with tiger urine
Controlled variables - Type of seedlings, specie of deer and tiger
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How is the flow of hemolymph through an open circulatory system similar to the flow of water through an outdoor fountain?
Fluid is pushed via a tube and then returned to the pump after accumulating in a pool in both an open circulatory system and a fountain.
What are the circulatory systems' main functions?Wastes are moved by the circulatory system, which also gives cells oxygen and nutrition. Blood is alternately oxygenated and hypoxic by the heart. The three different types of blood vessels are arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Lungs, which function as an internal gas exchange system, help to keep the gas exchange surface wet and reduce water loss. This makes a larger variety of terrestrial environments suitable for animal life. The very branching structure of the bronchial tree results in a large number of tiny alveoli.
It is advantageous because it prevents the moist respiratory epithelial surface from evaporating in the atmosphere.
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Sally was admitted for outpatient surgery with a diagnosis of abdominal pain. the final diagnosis was mass in stomach. the principal diagnosis is?
Sally was admitted for outpatient surgery with a diagnosis of abdominal pain. The final diagnosis was mass in stomach. The principal diagnosis is mass in stomach
What exactly is a primary diagnosis?Only when a doctor has finished all essential tests and examinations is a principal diagnosis—the reason for a patient's initial hospital admission—assigned.
There are causes of abdominal pain besides underlying illnesses. Constipation, wind, overeating, stress, and muscle strain are a few examples.
Constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, food allergies, lactose intolerance, food poisoning, and stomach viruses are less serious causes of abdominal pain. Appendicitis, an abdominal aortic aneurysm, a bowel obstruction, malignancy, and gastroesophageal reflux are some of the more severe reasons.
Therefore, Sally was admitted for outpatient surgery with a diagnosis of abdominal pain. The final diagnosis was mass in stomach. The principal diagnosis is mass in stomach.
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Sally was admitted for outpatient surgery with a diagnosis of abdominal pain. The final diagnosis was mass in stomach. The principal diagnosis is __________ in stomach.
Complete each statement by choosing the correct answer from the drop-down menu. is a result of the kidneys not being able to properly regulate or remove acids in the blood. when the lungs are not able to function at their normal speed, can occur.
Acidosis is the inability of the kidneys not being able to regulate or remove acids in the blood. When the lungs are not able to function at their normal speed, respiratory acidosis can occur.
Acidosis is caused by an overproduction of acid that builds up in the blood or an excessive loss of bicarbonate from the blood (metabolic acidosis) or a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood that results from poor lung function or depressed breathing (respiratory acidosis).
Acidity and alkalinity are expressed on the pH scale, which ranges from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly basic or alkaline). A pH of 7.0, in the middle of this scale, is neutral. Blood acidity increases when people ingest substances that contain or produce acid or when the lungs do not expel enough carbon dioxide.
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How can the addition of excess mineral nutrients to a lake threaten its fish population?
The addition of excess mineral nutrients to a lake threaten its fish population as the algae and the creatures that consume them experience population surges when nutrients are added. Oxygen levels in the lake are reduced due to increased respiration by algae and consumers, such as detritivores.
Behind this situation is a process called eutrophication. Since algae prefer environments that are mineral or nutrient rich for growth, an excess of plant growth results if the concentration of organic salts or nutrients in a lake rises above a specific level. However, since algae are rapidly dividing species, the main issues start now.
If the nutrient content is very high, an uncontrolled algal growth known as an algal bloom results. The abundance of algae quickly covers lakes, turning them green while also obstructing sunlight, altering lake temperatures, and consuming mineral nutrients needed by lake creatures, which ultimately results in species extinction.
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Number the events from earliest (1) to most recent (6) to outline the development of the cell theory.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed small organisms he called “animalcules.”
Robert Hooke was the first to use the word “cell.”
Matthias Schleiden theorized that plants are made of cells.
Theodor Schwann theorized that animals are made of cells.
Hans and Zacharias Janssen created the first microscope.
Rudolf Virchow theorized that cells come from other pre-existing cells.
The most well-known theory in cell biology is the one known as the "cell theory," which proposes that pre-existing cells give rise to new cells and the idea of plant cells.
The first microscope was made by Hans and Zacharias Janssen in 1590, and he utilized a compound microscope to observe minuscule objects that were invisible to the human eye.In 1660 , Robert Hooke was the first to use the word “cell.”Animalcules were tiny organisms that Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered in 1674.In 1838 ,Matthias Schleiden theorized that plants are made of cells.In 1839 ,Theodor Schwann , he was a zoologist and theorized that animals are made of cells .Rudolf Virchow proposed the theory that cells originate from other existing cells in 1858, implying that the cell divides and produces new cells.The statements are arranged on the basis of years from most earliest to recent discovery.
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