The G proteins in the interstitial cells of a person with cholera remain activated and continually activate adenyl cyclase.
Signal transduction pathways allow binding of extracellular signalling molecules (like epinephrine) to the cells to respond to environmental signals of any stress like attach of a pathogen. The adrenal glands release a hormone called epinephrine in response to the disease-causing microbes. These hormones attach to the receptors on the cell surface and promote a response. The disease causing microbes turn this pathway on to respond to the attack.
Vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacteria that causes cholera in humans. It affects the interstitial cells of the small intestine by producing a toxin called choleragen. Choleragen attaches to the cell membrane and traps the G-protein in its active state. Active G-protein activates adenyl cyclase that stimulates the production of cyclic AMP molecules. cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA) that activates chloride-ion channels and blocks sodium-hydrogen antiporters. This results in the loss of sodium chloride and water into the lumen and causes watery diarrhea.
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Rabies, a viral disease in mammals, is not currently found in the British Isles. If you were in charge of disease control there, what practical approaches might you employ to keep the rabies virus from reaching these islands?
To prevent rabies disease, I would take the following steps;
vaccinate all individual against rabies virusprevent entry of all unvaccinated individualsWhat is rabies?Rabies is a viral disease caused by the rabies virus and which affect mammals. The disease is spread through the bite of an infected mammals such as dogs, bats, coyotes, foxes, skunks and raccoons.
The rabies virus infects the central nervous system of the infected mammal and produces symptoms such as fever, headache, excess salivation, muscle spasms, paralysis and mental confusion.
The preventive measure is to vaccinate against rabies virus.
Therefore, I would vaccinate all animals against the rabies virus and also prevent entry of all unvaccinated individuals.
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Formation of adenosine triphosphate from adenosine diphosphate and an inorganic phosphate molecule requires the input of energy. True or false
Answer: True
Explanation: The Cell needs energy to release ADT (adenosine triphosphate)
how likely is it that organisms will respond to rapid climate change by undergoing short-term evolutionary adaptations? group of answer choices it is not very likely; evolution will not begin to occur until it is clear that climate change is a long-term process. it is not very likely; evolution occurs continually, but it may be too slow, or a population’s genetic variation may be too small, to keep up with rapid climate change. it is very likely; all organisms respond to environmental change through evolution. it is very likely; populations are much more likely to respond to short-term changes than to long-term ones.
It is not very likely that organisms will respond to rapid climate change by undergoing short-term evolutionary adaptations; evolution occurs continually, but it may be too slow, or a population's genetic variation may be too small, to keep up with rapid climate.
Evolution can be described as the particular changes that are observed in a species over a period of time in order for it to adapt to a changing environment.
The process of evolution is not a rapid one and it takes many years for a species to completely change. It might happen that a population might be too small to respond to a rapid change. In such a scenario, either the population is all dead or migrates to places where conditions are favorable. Hence, it is not very likely that a population of organisms will respond to rapid climate change through short-term evolutionary adaptations. Evolution might occur but the process will never be a rapid one. The changes will be continual but too slow.
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Once a carousel is in motion, the constant movement of the carousel horse around the center of the circle can best be described as?
Once a carousel is in motion, the constant movement of the carousel horse around the center of the circle can best be described as acceleration or change in velocity.
What is acceleration?We refer to any process where the velocity changes as acceleration. You can only accelerate by changing your speed, direction, or both as velocity is a function of both speed and direction.
Example-No matter how quickly you're moving, you can't possibly be accelerating if you're not also altering your direction and speed. As a result, even if a jet is traveling at a high rate of speed in this case, 800 miles per hour it experiences no acceleration because its velocity is constant. The jet will accelerate as it slows down when it lands and swiftly comes to a stop.
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Why are many drugs that are used to treat nervous system diseases or to affect brain function targeted to specific receptors rather than particular neurotransmitters?
These medications can reduce brain activity, which makes them effective for treating anxiety, panic, severe stress reactions, and sleep issues.
What is effect of drug on nervous system?While certain neurotransmitters provide excitatory signals across synapses, others send inhibitory signals.
Sedatives, tranquilizers, and hypnotics are examples of medications known as central nervous system (CNS) depressants.
These medications can reduce brain activity, which makes them effective for treating anxiety, panic, severe stress reactions, and sleep issues.
Therefore, drugs that are used to treat nervous system diseases or to impact brain function.
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The neural impulse traveling down the axon is _______; it gets across the synapse by_______
The neural impulse traveling down the axon is electrical; it gets across the synapse by the remaining electrical means too via the dendrites of the neuro to the axon of the next neurons.
This goes to say that the nerve impulses which is traveling through the axon of a neuron travels down the axon through chemical or electrical impulse and it gets across the synapse by the remaining electric means too via the dendrites of the neuro to the axon of the next neuron.
The only means through which information are passed from one part of the body to another is by nerve electrical impulses
What is a neuron?A neuron can simply be defined as the functional and basic unit of nervous system.
There are three major types of neurons, these are as follows:
Motor neuronsSensory neuronsIntermediate neuronsSo therefore, the neural impulse traveling down the axon is electrical; it gets across the synapse by the remaining electric means too via the dendrites of the neuro to the axon of the next neuron.
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innate immune memory contributes to host defense against recurrent skin and skin structure infections caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.
The most common cause of infections of the skin and skin structures is Staphylococcus aureus (SSSI). The high rate of recurrent SSSI brought on by S. includes methicillin-resistant S. aureus
Despite having high levels of specific antibodies and circulating T cells, MRSA strains of S. aureus suggest that conventional adaptive immunity only provides partial protection. We proposed that the protective host defense against recurrent MRSA infection involves innate immunological memory. SSSI was induced in wild-type and rag1-/- mice from the BALB/c and C57BL/6 backgrounds in order to test this theory. Reduced abscess severities and lower CFU densities compared to those in naive controls show that prior infection (priming) of wild-type and rag1-/- mice of either background provided protection against repeat infection.Interestingly, for wild-type and rag1-/- mice, protection was higher on the previously infected flank than on the naive flank. Increased infiltration of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN]), macrophages (M), Langerin+ dendritic cells (LDC), and natural killer (NK) cells were associated with protective efficacy in wild-type mice. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), IL-22, and gamma interferon (IFN-), as well as the antimicrobial peptides CRAMP and mD-3, were all related with protection. Additionally, priming resulted in enhanced M and LDC infiltration as well as the activation of IL-22, CRAMP, and mD-3, which protected rag1-/- mice from recurrent SSSI. These results imply that in recurrent MRSA SSSI, innate immunological memory, through particular cellular and molecular pathways, likely contributes to the localized host defense. These discoveries encourage the creation of focused immunotherapeutic approaches to deal with the problem of MRSA infection.To learn more about Staphylococcus aureus visit:
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Consider the role of photosynthetic protists as producers in aquatic ecosystems. (Review the discussion in Concept 28.6.) What factors in addition to light availability are likely to limit primary production in the oceans?
Other factors in addition to light availability that are likely to limit primary production in the oceans are; CO2 concentration.
What is primary production?Primary production is the synthesis of new organic matter by plants and other autotrophs called primary producers.
Primary producers are autotrophic organisms producing complex organic matter, using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
According to this question, photosynthetic protists are significant producers in aquatic ecosystems. This means that they are the major producer of organic matter in the oceans and seas.
However, asides light availability, which is a strict requirement for photosynthesis, the concentration of CO2 is also a factor that can affect primary production.
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How are bacteria a study in contradictions?
Bacteria are a study in contradictions because each bacterium has its controversies due to growth and development in culture medium.They have made possible our understanding, at the molecular level, of hundreds of disease-relevant proteins that in turn has enabled rational drug design to improve human health.
How are bacteria being used in research?Applications of basic research on bacteria are essential for medicine, the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology, bioremediation, and alternative energy production. Developing these applications will demand integration of many scientific disciplines.
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How many distinct tetrapeptides can be made from the four amino acids: leucine, histidine, alanine, and valine? each amino acid may be used more than once.
256 tetrapeptides can be made from the four amino acids: leucine, histidine, alanine, and valine. It makes use of the concept of Permutation and Combination.
A peptide bond is the covalent bond that paperwork among amino acids, linking them together.
A dipeptide has 2 amino acids bonded collectively; a tripeptide has three amino acids, and a tetrapeptide has 4 amino acids.
In this example, tetrapeptides talk to polypeptides made from four amino acid subunits. this can mean that there are four available empty spaces if you want to slot within the distinct amino acids in a while:
since there are 4 distinct amino acids to be had, and for Biology, we usually take it as a case where the amino acids positioned may be repeated, there are four(four)(4)(four) unique combinations for the institution of four amino acids.
subsequently, the range of wonderful tripeptides possible = [tex]4^{4}[/tex] = 256
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
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Semen creates a(n)__________ environment for sperm to safely travel through both the male and female reproductive tracts.
Semen creates a(n)alkaline environment for sperm to safely travel through both the male and female reproductive tracts.
In the field of biology, semen can be described as a white, slippery fluid that is released from the male reproductory organ. Semen is also referred to as the seminal fluid.
The semen of males carries the sperm cells which are required for the fertilization of the female egg. The conditions should be favorable for the process of fertilization to occur.
The natural atmosphere of the vagina of a female is acidic in nature. The sperms need a neutral environment for survival. Hence, the semen is produced alkaline in nature to prolong the lifetime of sperm cells. The alkalinity of the semen neutralizes the acidity of the vagina.
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The presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the blood is a major cause of septic shock. Suppose you have available purified LPS and several strains of mice, each with a mutation that inactivates a particular TLR gene. How might you use these mice to test the feasibility of treating septic shock with a drug that blocks TLR signaling?
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are important components of gram-negative bacteria's outer membrane. They are large amphipathic glycoconjugates composed of a hydrophobic lipid domain attached to a core oligosaccharide and a distal polysaccharide.
What is meant by endotoxins?
Endotoxins are more commonly known as bacterial lipopolysaccharides. These are cell wall components that are released during bacterial cell lysis. They activate the body's innate immune system, causing inflammation, fever, and a drop in blood pressure. According to reports, the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is the human body's receptor for LPS.
A mouse's susceptibility to LPS differs from that of humans. Mice are more resistant to endotoxins. To avoid false positives, the dosage for mice must be optimized before beginning the experiment.
To determine which TLR is responsible for TLR susceptibility, each TLR mutant is given a known dose of LPS, which is known to cause sepsis in a healthy wild-type mouse. The mice that develop symptoms after LPS administration have a functional LPS receptor, indicating that the mutant TLRs present in them are not involved in LPS reception.
The mice that do not respond to LPS are resistant to sepsis, most likely because the TLR with which the LPS interacts is inactive. As a result, it provides us with information about the receptor. We can now identify a drug molecule that inhibits this receptor in healthy mice and prevents sepsis.
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If a state SIP isn't acceptable, what might happened?
Answer:
EPA must impose sanctions and ultimately assume responsibility for enforcing the Clean Air Act in that State through a Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) if the State does not correct its SIP deficiency.
Explanation:
Answer:
If a state SIP isn't acceptable, what might happen? EPA must impose sanctions and ultimately assume responsibility for enforcing the Clean Air Act in that State through a Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) if the State does not correct its SIP deficiency. 5.
which macromolecule is the primary component of cell membranes and which macromolecule is the primary energy storage ?
Lipids is the main element and the main source of energy storage in the cell membrane.
What is lipids?Any of a wide range of organic substances that are classified together as lipids because they do not significantly interact with water, such as fats, oils, hormones, and some membrane components. The adipose cells, which act as an organism's energy storage depot and thermal insulator, sequester one form of lipid, the triglycerides, as fat. Some lipids, like steroid hormones, transmit messages between biochemical systems inside a single cell whereas others act as chemical messengers between cells, tissues, and organs. Organelles (structures within cells) and cell membranes are tiny thin structures made of two layers of phospholipid molecules.
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DUE TODAY:
How do your two selected body systems interact with one another under normal conditions on Earth to help the human body function efficiently?
two selected body systems: immune system, lungs and respiratory system
The two selected body systems immune system and respiratory system interact with one another under normal conditions on Earth to help the human body function efficiently by complementing each other's function if the lungs get infected the immune system will remove the infection by sending the white blood cells, on the other hand, the respiratory system transfers oxygen to all the cells in the body through the blood which is required for the metabolism of the cells.
Lungs are powerful immune organs and carry macrophages, upon infection which might divide into alveolar macrophages and interstitial macrophages, bronchial epithelial cells, and Natural killer cells along with other innate lymphoid cells, and different T and B cells.
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The thick walled inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the artiers are called?
The ventricles, which are the pumping chambers, are the lower chambers. The heart has four valves that aid in regulating the direction of blood flow. The body's low-oxygen blood returns and enters the right atrium.
What is inferior chambers of the heart?Normally, the heart has two upper chambers and two lower chambers. Incoming blood enters the top chambers, the right and left atria.
The Right and Left inferior heart chambers, which are responsible for blood pumping; The left ventricle pumps blood into the body's circulation.
To carry oxygen to all the organs and tissues, whereas the right ventricle pumps blood into the lungs to absorb oxygen.
Therefore, ventricles are thick walled inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the atrium.
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2. You have already learned about the formation of metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rocks. Use what you know to construct an explanation about how you think melted rock deep within Earth could change over time and one day look like the image on this page.
Answer:
one day the inside of earth would be filled with plastics and trash because of large trash fields
Explanation:
Which statement describes what is most likely to occur once equilibrium has been established?
Choose 1 answer:
a) More molecules will be found at the bottom half of the box as compared to the top
half.
b) More molecules will be found at the top half of the box as compared to the bottom
half.
c) The molecules will no longer move across the membrane and their overall
distribution will remain equal on both sides of the membrane.
d) The molecules will continue to move across the membrane, but their overall
distribution will remain relatively equal on both sides of the membrane.
Answer:
the molecules will no longer movie across the membrane and their over all distribution will remain equal and both sides of the membrane is a right answer please brainliest answer
Answer:
The molecules will continue to move across the membrane, but their overall distribution will remain relatively equal on both sides of the membrane.
Explanation:
this is the right answer on khan the other guys that answer this question is wrong
How did the use of an oxygen isotope help elucidate the chemistry of photosynthesis?
The oxygen created during photosynthesis comes from water, not carbon dioxide.
By 1940, chemists began employing heavy isotopes to track photosynthetic processes. Early investigations employed water labeled with an oxygen isotope (18O). Plants that photosynthesized in the presence of H218O-containing water generated 18O-containing oxygen gas; plants that photosynthesized in normal water produced normal oxygen gas. These findings confirmed van Niel's notion that the oxygen gas created during photosynthesis is obtained from water.
Van Niel's proposal (that oxygen produced during photosynthesis originates in water rather than carbon dioxide) was significant because the popular (though invalid) theory was that oxygen was removed from carbon dioxide (rather than hydrogen from water, releasing oxygen) and carbon was then combined with water to form carbohydrate (rather than the hydrogen from water combining with CO2 to form CH2O).
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suppose we have noticed that some rats seem to couple more often than others. this would correspond to which step in the scientific method?
According to the steps of the scientific method, observing some rats couple more often than others is part of the OBSERVATION step. It occurs when the experiment is already being carried out.
What are the steps of the scientific method?
There are different steps to follow in a scientific method
Definition and problem statement. The question for which there is no answer yet. A question the investigator wants to answer.Goal specification. The goal is what the investigator wants to know.Hypothesis formulation. The researcher hypothesizes in order to predict what is going on or what is expected to occur.Experiment. Different variables influencing the project are considered. This step involves testing the observations. Data collection and analysis stages.ResultsDiscussion and hypothesis verification. This step involves the deriving of the working hypothesis.Conclusions.In the exposed example, observing some rats couple more than others is part of the OBSERVATION step. It occurs when the experiment is already being carried out.
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Which bond types may be utilized to establish the tertiary structure of a protein?
The bond types that may be utilized to establish the tertiary structure of a protein are the non-covalent bonds.
The tertiary structure of a protein is the arrangement of a protein in the three dimensional space. It is stabilized by the non-covalent bonds. It is the level of protein structure where a protein becomes functional. The example of protein which is functional in tertiary structure is myoglobin.
Non-covalent bonds are those that are formed between different molecules rather than the atoms. No sharing of electrons occurs in this type of bonding. The examples of these bonds are: ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces, etc.
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clayton incurred a spinal cord injury, and the doctors wanted to enroll him in a clinical trial that used stem cells in the treatment. stem cells are special because they can .
Clayton incurred a spinal cord injury, and the doctors wanted to enroll him in a clinical trial that used stem cells in the treatment. stem cells are special because they can turn into other specialized cells in the body.
What is stem cells for?Stem cells are used in stem cell transplants to replace cells lost by chemotherapy or disease, or to help the donor's immune system fight certain types of cancer and blood-related diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, and multiple myeloma.
Where are stem cells found?In the bone marrow
Stem cells are usually found in bone marrow (the spongy center of certain bones). This is where they divide in order to produce new blood cells. Once mature, blood cells depart the bone marrow and into the bloodstream. A tiny number of immature stem cells enter the bloodstream.
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Why is the minimum viable population size smaller for a genetically diverse population than for a less genetically diverse population?
A more genetically diverse population is better able to withstand pressures from disease or environmental change, making it less likely to become extinct over a given period of time The minimum viable population (MVP) is minimum population size required for its sustainability over the years. The more genetically diverse population can easily adapt to changes and is less prone to extinction. Wheras small population size is easily affected by genetic drift and loss of diversity increase the risk of extinction.
Genetic Diversity is Degree of genetic variation within a species or populationMutation is a permanent change in a cell's DNA; includes changes in nucleotide sequence, alteration of gene position, gene loss, or duplication and insertion of foreign sequences; an inheritable mutation has the potential to affect an whole gene poolTo know more about genetically diverse population visit : https://brainly.com/question/14142596
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The distinguishing characteristic between tight junctions and adherens junctions is that?
The adherens junction attaches to the actin myofilaments of the cytoskeleton and the tight junctions do not attach to the actin myofilaments.
What are actin myofilaments?Actin is a protein that significantly contributes to the ability of muscle and other cells to contract. There are two types of it: monomeric globular actin (G-actin) and polymeric fibrous actin (F-actin), which is used for muscle contraction.
Myosin, the most prevalent protein in muscle, is made up of thick filaments that alternate and interdigitate with two long strands of bead-like actin molecules to produce a thin filament in muscle. Actin and myosin are activated when a signal for muscular contraction travels via a neuron to a muscle cell.
Myosin functions as a motor, releasing energy from the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to drive a myosin filament along an actin filament, causing the two filaments to glide past one another. Tropomyosin and troponin, two additional muscle proteins, control the momentary union of actin and myosin that causes muscular contraction.
Therefore, the adherens junction attaches to the actin myofilaments of the cytoskeleton and the tight junctions do not attach to the actin myofilaments.
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Give an example of apoptosis during embryonic de velopment, and explain its function in the developing embryo.
The loss of cells that produce the webbing between the fingers and toes of a growing foetus or paw in animals is an immediately identifiable example of apoptosis during embryonic development.
This permits the digits to move independently of one another, i.e., it shapes the digits of the hand or paw such that they are not webbed (This happens at the stage of cell differentiation during cell growth). This does not always occur throughout development, resulting in some new-borns being born with webbing that must be surgically removed. Water birds with webbed feet have a lack of apoptosis in these locations.
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Lichen is often the first organism to appear in an area that has had all life stripped from it because of some disturbance. what is lichen in this regard?
Lichen is often the first organism to appear in an area that has had all life stripped from it because of some disturbance. In this regard, lichen is the pioneer species.
In the field of ecology, pioneer species can be described as the first species that colonize a particular land that did not have growth of other life forms before or the area was disrupted due to a disaster.
It is due to pioneer species that life begins to form in a disrupted area again. Lichens are often the first kind of pioneer species to grow on barren land because they have the capability to grow on rocks. The lichens then, with the passage of time, break down these rocks so that soil can be formed. Also, lichens themselves die and their decomposition makes the soil richer with nutrients. As a result, small plants start growing on the land, and in this way, other organisms start to invade that land.
Hence, lichens are often the pioneer species that are seen in secondary succession.
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Macrophages in the lungs prevent pneumonia infections by surrounding, engulfing, and destroying streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. this is an example of which type of endocytosis?
The lungs prevent pneumonia infections by surrounding, engulfing, and destroying streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria this is an example of Phagocytosis.
Alveolar macrophages, also known as pulmonary macrophages or dust cells, are specialised phagocytes that are located in the airways and at the level of the alveoli in the lungs but are not attached to their walls. Following the formation of this bridge, membrane protrusions encircle the bacteria and take them into the phagosome, which is created by the fusion of cell membranes.Invading bacteria are first encountered by macrophages, which are also in charge of phagocytosing and digesting pathogens to start the innate inflammatory response. The phagocytic/endocytic and lysosomal pathways, which contain proteolytic enzymes such cathepsins, are closely related and enable intracellular digestion.To learn more about Phagocytosis.
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In the picture, the organelle depicted is a) connective tissue. b) the site of synthesis of ATP. c) the site of photosynthesis. d) the storage site of starch, lipids, and proteins.
Answer:
c) the site of photosynthesis
Explanation:
if you were designing a policy to protect islands from invasive species what types of islands would you choose to focus on and why
If i was designing a policy to protect islands from invasive species, the types of islands which would be focused on is Pacific island due to the absence of natural competitors which control the ecosystem.
What are Invasive species?This is referred to organisms who aren't indigenous to an area and end up becoming overpopulated in the given area.This therefore leads to the organisms causing economic and environmental harm to the new area.
This is usually caused when there is an absence of natural predators or competitors which control the ecosystem in the area which is the reason why there is a high increase in population growth.
The Pacific island has a very low number of these natural predators and is therefore the reason why a policy will be designed in other to protect it from invasive species.
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The domestication of plants and animals in areas near the indus, huang he, nile, and tigris-euphrates rivers resulted in the development of villages and cities. The growth of early settled communities contributed to?.
The domestication of plants and animals resulted in the development of villages and cities. The growth of early settled communities contributed to the development of political and religious institutions.
The term "domestication" refers to taming an animal, growing plants for sustenance, making someone lovable and devoted at home, as well as undertaking chores related to that profession or vocation. The domestication of plants and animals in areas near the Indus, Huang he, nile, and tigris-euphrates rivers resulted in the development of villages and cities which in turn contributed to the development of political and religious institutions.
The domestication of animals refers to the mutual relationship between animals and humans who influence their care and reproduction. It means to adapt (an animal or plant) over time from a wild or natural state, particularly through selective breeding to live in close association with and to the benefit of humans.
Charles Darwin identified a select few characteristics that distinguished domesticated creatures from their wild progenitors. The process of domesticating wild flora and animals for human use. For food, labor, clothing, medicine, and a variety of other uses, domestic animals are raised.
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