Exaptation may be defined as a characteristic that is present in an organism or set of organisms that develops a new function or role that differs from its original function as a result of the process of evolution such as the role of feathers in birds.
For instance, the malleus and incus, two novel bones in the middle ear of mammals, are analogous to the quadrate and articular bones. The primary jaw joint's incorporation with the mammalian middle ear required the emergence of a novel technique of upper and lower jaw articulation. Thus, the two elements came together to create the distinctive mammalian cranium.
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if you were designing a policy to protect islands from invasive species what types of islands would you choose to focus on and why
If i was designing a policy to protect islands from invasive species, the types of islands which would be focused on is Pacific island due to the absence of natural competitors which control the ecosystem.
What are Invasive species?This is referred to organisms who aren't indigenous to an area and end up becoming overpopulated in the given area.This therefore leads to the organisms causing economic and environmental harm to the new area.
This is usually caused when there is an absence of natural predators or competitors which control the ecosystem in the area which is the reason why there is a high increase in population growth.
The Pacific island has a very low number of these natural predators and is therefore the reason why a policy will be designed in other to protect it from invasive species.
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what would he use for a control group in this expirnment
Which three functional groups are part of the basic structure of every amino acid?.
Amino acids contain three functional groups: a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a radical group.
What is an amino acid?Amino acids are organic molecules that will form the structural pillars to form proteins. These are going to be made up of a structure having in common all of them a carboxyl group, an amino group and a radical group that is in which they are going to differentiate to have their own property.
Animoacids not only have the structure to form proteins but can also be messengers for certain nervous reactions or also for the biosynthesis of porphyrins, purines, pyrimidines and urea.
Thanks to the R group and the difference of each amino acid in it, 20 types of amino acids are known.
Amino acids will also be involved in the regulation and maintenance of the body since they will also be part of enzymes or hormones.
Therefore, we can confirm that amino acids contain three functional groups: a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a radical group.
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What insight about the genetic basis of behavior emerges from studying the effects of courtship mutations in fruit flies and of pairbonding in voles?
Studying the genetic basis of these behaviors reveals that changes in a single gene can have large-scale effects on even complex behaviors.
What is courtship mutations ?A deviation from the typical DNA sequence at a certain gene locus. Although the phrase is frequently associated with negativity, mutations (including polymorphisms) can affect cell activity in ways that are negative, positive, or neutral.
The two types of mutations known as frame-shifts are insertions and deletions, which are the type of mutations. A change in the reading frame of the genetic code will result from the addition or deletion of nucleotides that are not multiples of 3. Insertions change the DNA by introducing one or more additional nucleotides.Learn more about Mutation here:
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Carolyn is home alone when she hears someone trying to open her front door. she is immediately frightened. which brain area is involved in her emotional response?
The brain area that gets activated after being frightened is amygdala.
Brain is the largest organ and the most complex one. It is the center for regulating each and every activity of the complete body. The brain regulates the thoughts, memory, decision-making, equilibrium, posture, responses to stimulus, etc.
Amygdala is the region of the brain located in the medial temporal lobe. It regulates the emotions and the emotional behavior of a person. It specially gets activated upon the sensing of threat and fear. The other emotions it regulates are: anger and pleasure. If the amygdala becomes non-functional in an organism, the person loses the sense of fear.
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"Lactose-intolerant" people have a shortage of lactase, the enzyme that breaks down lactose in milk. As a result, they sometimes develop cramps, bloating, or diarrhea after consuming dairy products. Suppose such a person ate yogurt containing bacteria that produce lactase. Why would eating yogurt likely provide at best only temporary relief of the symptoms?
Yogurt is an excellent way to consume calcium in the diet without having any issues for someone who is lactose intolerant because it is easier to digest than milk.
Yogurt contains bacteria that can form a mutualistic relationship with the small intestine and absorb blood carbohydrates like glucose and galactose, converting them into energy.Undigested lactose can result in symptoms such stomach cramps, bloating, diarrhea, gas, and nausea as well as the possibility of developing lactase deficiency. There is no such medication to stop the body from producing lactose.Products made from lactose-free milk can aid in simple digestion and lessen discomfort, bloating, or diarrhea. Tablets containing lactase enzyme and probiotics might be given to temporarily alleviate symptoms. Avoiding lactose-containing dairy products like milk or milk products is advised.Since the environment in a yogurt culture is different from that of the small intestine, bacteria are eliminated there before they can establish a mutualistic relationship with the small intestine. These bacteria can convert disaccharides into sugars that are taken into the blood and used as fuel in the small intestine.Learn more about the lactose intolerance with the help of the given link:
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In the picture, the organelle depicted is a) connective tissue. b) the site of synthesis of ATP. c) the site of photosynthesis. d) the storage site of starch, lipids, and proteins.
Answer:
c) the site of photosynthesis
Explanation:
Where is simple columnar epithelium located?
a. lining of the small intestine
b. lining the esophagus
c. lining of the nasal cavity
d. forming the air sacs of the lungs
The activity of creatine kinase is increased by a rise in ____ levels in the muscle fiber.
The activity of creatine kinase is increased by a rise in adenosine diphosphate or ADP levels in the muscle fiber.
What is adenosine diphosphate (or ADP)?Adenosine diphosphate (or ADP) is the byproduct of cellular work that uses ATP to generate different metabolic functions in the cell such as movement, growth, reproduction, etc.
In conclusion, the activity of creatine kinase is increased by a rise in adenosine diphosphate or ADP levels in the muscle fiber.
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if protein a has a pi of 3.1, protein b has a pi of 6.8, and protein c has a pi of 8.9, which protein would elute first from a cation exchange column at ph 7?
If protein A has a pI of 3.1, protein B has a pI of 6.8, and protein C has a pI of 8.9 protein A would elute first from a cation exchange column at pH 7. Option A
This is further explained below.
What is protein?Generally, An incredibly complex, naturally occurring molecule known as a protein is made up of amino acid residues connected by peptide bonds.
All living things include proteins, which are the building blocks of several vital biological substances including enzymes, hormones, and antibodies.
In conclusion, Protein A would be the first protein to elute from a cation exchange column at a pH of 7 if protein A has a pI of 3.1, protein B has a pI of 6.8, and protein C has a pI of 8.9. Alternative A
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Complete question
If protein A has a pI of 3.1, protein B has a pI of 6.8, and protein C has a pI of 8.9, which protein would elute first from a cation exchange column at pH 7?
a) protein A
b) protein B
c) protein C
d) All three proteins would elute at the same time
Write a short essay on Captain robber barons
Answer:
Wow you didn’t need to report me
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, during the climax of the American Industrial Revolution, there was a small group of men who owned the major businesses and were leaders of their industries. They owned factories, railroads, banks, and even created company towns for the sole purpose of housing their workers. Due to the efforts of these few men, the U.S. economy became the envy of the world, and America became a leading world power. They provided the public with products that were in high demand for reasonable prices, and opened their markets to countries overseas. Although many people believe the early industrialists were Robber Barons who exploited the poor, these great men were truly Captains of Industry who created new ways of doing…show more content…Although some of these criticisms are well founded, men like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller were, in fact, Captains of Industry because they employed millions and created new ways of doing business. Before all these industrialists can along, America was just another country that had little significance to the world. If it was not for them, we as a nation would not be where we are today. The industrialists prospered mainly due to their wit, and the many innovations that they brought to their various fields of business. They created monopolies because they were the most effective forms of enterprise, and there were no laws that prohibited or restricted their use. As John D. Rockefeller himself said, "I believe in the spirit of combination and cooperation when properly conducted.It helps to reduce waste, and waste is a dissipation of power."(Danzer 424) Critics say that these men ruthlessly took over their fields of business, and "did not play fair". What's wrong with striving for success? What's wrong with being efficient? What's wrong with making a product that no one can equal? What's wrong with besting your competitors? Nothing.
If a state SIP isn't acceptable, what might happened?
Answer:
EPA must impose sanctions and ultimately assume responsibility for enforcing the Clean Air Act in that State through a Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) if the State does not correct its SIP deficiency.
Explanation:
Answer:
If a state SIP isn't acceptable, what might happen? EPA must impose sanctions and ultimately assume responsibility for enforcing the Clean Air Act in that State through a Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) if the State does not correct its SIP deficiency. 5.
Which bond types may be utilized to establish the tertiary structure of a protein?
The bond types that may be utilized to establish the tertiary structure of a protein are the non-covalent bonds.
The tertiary structure of a protein is the arrangement of a protein in the three dimensional space. It is stabilized by the non-covalent bonds. It is the level of protein structure where a protein becomes functional. The example of protein which is functional in tertiary structure is myoglobin.
Non-covalent bonds are those that are formed between different molecules rather than the atoms. No sharing of electrons occurs in this type of bonding. The examples of these bonds are: ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces, etc.
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aquaporins are proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that allow water molecules to move between the extracellular matrix and the intracellular space. based on its function and location, describe the key features of the protein’s shape and the chemical characteristics of its amino acids.
The aquaporins are channel proteins that form cylindrical shape, being embedded across the whole membrane. Since the protein crosses the entire membrane, it must have hydrophilic polar amino acids at the top and bottom whereas, the integral part of the channel must have hydrophobic amino acids on the outer side and hydrophilic amino acids on the inner channel side.
Aquaporins are the channel proteins that mediate the transport of water molecules across the membrane from its region of higher concentration to the region of lower water concentration, i.e. passive transport. They can also transport some very small solute particles.
Channel proteins are those involved in passive transport. They do not undergo any conformational change to transport the molecules.
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List the following in order from smallest to biggest
Biome community ecosystem biosphere habitat
The independent Variable is…
Question 1 options:
The only variable that changes
The freedom of the variable
The measurement
The variable that stays the same
The independent variable is the variable that changes.
An independent variable is one that you adjust, control, or modify in an experimental study to look at its consequences. Because it is unaffected by any other study variables, it is called "independent."
The independent variable in an experiment is the thing you modify, and the dependent variable is the thing that changes as a result of the independent variable.
This is an easy way to conceive of independent and dependent variables. The independent variable can alternatively be viewed as the cause, and the dependent variable as the result.
Predictor variables are another name for independent variables. This is so that changes in reaction can be "predicted" and explained using this variable. For instance, an independent variable like the amount of fertilizers can help us to know how much plant growth will occur.
Hence, Independent variable is the only variable that changes.
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Why is the minimum viable population size smaller for a genetically diverse population than for a less genetically diverse population?
A more genetically diverse population is better able to withstand pressures from disease or environmental change, making it less likely to become extinct over a given period of time The minimum viable population (MVP) is minimum population size required for its sustainability over the years. The more genetically diverse population can easily adapt to changes and is less prone to extinction. Wheras small population size is easily affected by genetic drift and loss of diversity increase the risk of extinction.
Genetic Diversity is Degree of genetic variation within a species or populationMutation is a permanent change in a cell's DNA; includes changes in nucleotide sequence, alteration of gene position, gene loss, or duplication and insertion of foreign sequences; an inheritable mutation has the potential to affect an whole gene poolTo know more about genetically diverse population visit : https://brainly.com/question/14142596
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can you pick out the mossy leaf-tailed gecko lying against the tree trunk in this photo? discuss how the gecko’s appearance might benefit its survival. given what you learned about evolution, natural selection, and genetic information in this chapter, describe how the gecko’s coloration might have evolved.
The gecko's ability to hunt insects is probably facilitated by its coloring. And This coloration likely makes it harder for the gecko to be seen by predators. Gecko has character of Camouflage which helps in terms of food and escaping from predators.
The definition of camouflage:Camouflage is the concealment or disguise of anything through covering it up or altering its appearance. Something (such as a color or shape) that makes it difficult to see an animal in its immediate surroundings, protecting it from attack camouflage verb the state of being camouflaged.
Which four types of camouflage are there?The four fundamental types of camouflage are disruptive coloration, disguise, and mimicry.
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The domestication of plants and animals in areas near the indus, huang he, nile, and tigris-euphrates rivers resulted in the development of villages and cities. The growth of early settled communities contributed to?.
The domestication of plants and animals resulted in the development of villages and cities. The growth of early settled communities contributed to the development of political and religious institutions.
The term "domestication" refers to taming an animal, growing plants for sustenance, making someone lovable and devoted at home, as well as undertaking chores related to that profession or vocation. The domestication of plants and animals in areas near the Indus, Huang he, nile, and tigris-euphrates rivers resulted in the development of villages and cities which in turn contributed to the development of political and religious institutions.
The domestication of animals refers to the mutual relationship between animals and humans who influence their care and reproduction. It means to adapt (an animal or plant) over time from a wild or natural state, particularly through selective breeding to live in close association with and to the benefit of humans.
Charles Darwin identified a select few characteristics that distinguished domesticated creatures from their wild progenitors. The process of domesticating wild flora and animals for human use. For food, labor, clothing, medicine, and a variety of other uses, domestic animals are raised.
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How did the use of an oxygen isotope help elucidate the chemistry of photosynthesis?
The oxygen created during photosynthesis comes from water, not carbon dioxide.
By 1940, chemists began employing heavy isotopes to track photosynthetic processes. Early investigations employed water labeled with an oxygen isotope (18O). Plants that photosynthesized in the presence of H218O-containing water generated 18O-containing oxygen gas; plants that photosynthesized in normal water produced normal oxygen gas. These findings confirmed van Niel's notion that the oxygen gas created during photosynthesis is obtained from water.
Van Niel's proposal (that oxygen produced during photosynthesis originates in water rather than carbon dioxide) was significant because the popular (though invalid) theory was that oxygen was removed from carbon dioxide (rather than hydrogen from water, releasing oxygen) and carbon was then combined with water to form carbohydrate (rather than the hydrogen from water combining with CO2 to form CH2O).
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If researchers instead used tissue from intestinal muscles rather than brains, they found no naloxone binding. What does that suggest about opiate receptors in mammalian muscle?
Myenteric and submucosal neurons as well as immune cells in the lamina propria all have -opioid receptors in the human gut. The gastrointestinal opioid system explained.
What is the naloxone binding?The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the drug naloxone for use in treating opioid overdoses.
It can reverse and prevent the effects of other opioids including heroin, morphine, and oxycodone because it binds to opioid receptors and is an opioid antagonist.
Because it binds to opioid receptors and inhibits or reverses the actions of other opioids, naloxone is an opioid receptor antagonist.
Therefore, opiate receptors in mammalian muscle are suggested.
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Would a pair of haploid offspring produced by parthenogenesis be genetically identical? Explain.
No, two haploid offspring produced by parthenogenesis would not be genetically identical
because the cells that the organisms grow from would be the products of meiosis and therefore the chromosomes in each cell would be random and unlikely to be the same.
Parthenogenesis is a kind of reproduction from an ovum without fertilization, especially as a normal process in some invertebrates and lower plants, but also occurs in fish, reptiles, and amphibians.
Parthenogenesis is useful Because it allows female animals to reproduce when no males are available to reproduce with and it is not useful too because it decreases genetic diversity
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mark the following statements as true or false. although food is not allowed in the lab, covered drinks are allowed
The statement 'although food is not allowed in the lab, covered drinks are allowed' is false.
Strict rules are to be followed inside a lab in order for lab observations to be contamination free and also for protecting oneself from any harm.
Bringing food or drinks inside a lab can be a source of contamination to a lab as it might have some microorganisms present in it. Also, it might happen that some infectious agent from the lab might contaminate the food or drink causing serious adverse effects on the health of the lab worker.
Covered drinks should also not be allowed in labs because the infectious agents are small enough to make an entry through the covered drink. They can lead to contamination of the lab or the drink. Hence, food or covered drinks both should not be allowed in a lab.
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Semen creates a(n)__________ environment for sperm to safely travel through both the male and female reproductive tracts.
Semen creates a(n)alkaline environment for sperm to safely travel through both the male and female reproductive tracts.
In the field of biology, semen can be described as a white, slippery fluid that is released from the male reproductory organ. Semen is also referred to as the seminal fluid.
The semen of males carries the sperm cells which are required for the fertilization of the female egg. The conditions should be favorable for the process of fertilization to occur.
The natural atmosphere of the vagina of a female is acidic in nature. The sperms need a neutral environment for survival. Hence, the semen is produced alkaline in nature to prolong the lifetime of sperm cells. The alkalinity of the semen neutralizes the acidity of the vagina.
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acetylcholine is a signaling molecule that elicits responses from heart muscle cells, salivary gland cells, and skeletal muscle cells. which of the following statements is false? group of answer choices
Acetylcholine is a signaling molecule used as a neurotransmitter that elicits responses from heart cells, muscle cells, salivary gland cells, and skeletal muscle cells . True statement.
Neurotransmitter is a chemical that is used to transmit the nerve impulse from one cell to another. They diffuse from the membrane of the pre-synaptic cell into the synapses and binds with the receptors of the post-synaptic cell to generate an action potential in that cell.
There are different compounds that can be used as a neurotransmitter in the body like acetylcholine, dopamine, histamine, serotonin, etc.
Acetylcholine is a organic compound which is derived from ester of acetic acid and choline. it is used as a neurotransmitter in our body.
It is used as a neurotransmitter in the synapses of heart cells, muscle cells, salivary glands and skeletal muscles in our body.
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How is migration based on circannual rhythms poorly suited for adaptation to global climate change?
If the climate changes early, causing their food source to bloom early, then when the birds migrate, they won't have a food source to survive on.
What is migration ?The act of moving a person or individuals to another country, area, place of residence, etc.; an example of this. First and foremost, moving is a typical human action. Humans have always relocated to new places from their original "country, area, and place of abode."
Both the beginning of the fall migration and the beginning of the spring migration are caused by cyclical rhythms. For birds that spend the winter close to the equator, when the environment is insufficiently stable or unpredictable to offer reliable time cues, this function of timing migrations is especially crucial.Learn more about Migration here:
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Consider the role of photosynthetic protists as producers in aquatic ecosystems. (Review the discussion in Concept 28.6.) What factors in addition to light availability are likely to limit primary production in the oceans?
Other factors in addition to light availability that are likely to limit primary production in the oceans are; CO2 concentration.
What is primary production?Primary production is the synthesis of new organic matter by plants and other autotrophs called primary producers.
Primary producers are autotrophic organisms producing complex organic matter, using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
According to this question, photosynthetic protists are significant producers in aquatic ecosystems. This means that they are the major producer of organic matter in the oceans and seas.
However, asides light availability, which is a strict requirement for photosynthesis, the concentration of CO2 is also a factor that can affect primary production.
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The Hubbard Brook watershed deforestation experiment yielded all of the following results except: a. Most minerals were recycled within a forest ecosystem. b. Calcium levels remained high in the soil of deforested areas. c. Deforestation increased water runoff. d. The nitrate concentration in waters draining the deforested area became dangerously high.
The Hubbard Brook watershed deforestation experiment yielded all of the following results except b. Calcium levels remained high in the soil of deforested areas.
Deforestation is the purposeful clearing of forested land. during records and into modern instances, forests have been razed to make space for agriculture and animal grazing and to attain timber for fuel, production, and construction. Deforestation has greatly altered landscapes around the sector.
Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal of a wooded area or stands of trees from land this is then transformed into non-wooded area use. Deforestation can involve the conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or for city use. The maximum concentrated deforestation takes place in tropical rainforests.
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Can someone help me with this
Answer:
b should be the correct answer.
Rabies, a viral disease in mammals, is not currently found in the British Isles. If you were in charge of disease control there, what practical approaches might you employ to keep the rabies virus from reaching these islands?
To prevent rabies disease, I would take the following steps;
vaccinate all individual against rabies virusprevent entry of all unvaccinated individualsWhat is rabies?Rabies is a viral disease caused by the rabies virus and which affect mammals. The disease is spread through the bite of an infected mammals such as dogs, bats, coyotes, foxes, skunks and raccoons.
The rabies virus infects the central nervous system of the infected mammal and produces symptoms such as fever, headache, excess salivation, muscle spasms, paralysis and mental confusion.
The preventive measure is to vaccinate against rabies virus.
Therefore, I would vaccinate all animals against the rabies virus and also prevent entry of all unvaccinated individuals.
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