Question 4 (2 points)
Jose Marti was a Spanish General fighting against the United States.
O True
O False

Answer:

From the chapter "Drugs and Consciousness," one fascinating thing that caught my attention was the concept of altered states of consciousness, such as the effects of hallucinogens like LSD on the brain. The fact that certain drugs can cause such significant changes in perception and experience is intriguing, and it raises questions about the nature of consciousness and reality.

One thing that confused me about the chapter was the discussion of neurotransmitters and their role in drug use. While I understood the basic concepts, the scientific terminology and chemical processes involved were challenging to grasp fully.

If I had a million-dollar research grant, I would study the long-term effects of drug use on the brain, particularly in regards to addiction and recovery. Understanding how drugs can alter brain chemistry and potentially cause permanent changes could provide valuable insights into effective treatment strategies and prevention measures.

Variables such as socio-economic status, culture, religion, and geographical background can significantly influence drug use and related topics. For example, cultural attitudes towards certain drugs or religious beliefs regarding substance use can impact individual choices and societal norms. Socio-economic status can also play a role in access to drugs, treatment, and education about substance use.

For those pursuing careers in fields such as psychology or neuroscience, the topic of altered states of consciousness and the effects of drugs on the brain is directly relevant to their future work. Understanding how the brain functions and the impact of drugs can inform research and treatment approaches for a variety of mental health conditions.

The topic of drug use and its effects on the brain is frequently covered in the news and popular culture, particularly in regards to the opioid epidemic and debates around drug legalization. Understanding the science behind drug use and the effects on individuals and society can help inform these discussions and potential solutions.

Answer:

D.

Explanation:

the first answer A, hunting as a pack ensures that the wolves are not competing for food, is not affect the reproduction of wolves. answer B, grouping together prevents overpopulation is not a positive affect of reproduction. Answer C, living in groups prevent genetic variations from developing in offspring is not a behavior, but a genetic code. Cooperation supports producing more pups that survive to adulthood, positively affects wolves reproduction.

Answer:

The powerhouse of the cell!

Explanation:

The mitochondria is referred to as the powerhouse of the cell because of its ability to generate ATP. The mitochondria is the only organelle in the cell that can produce ATP naturally. The mitochondria produces ATP in a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer:

The powerhouse of the cell

Explanation:

The mitochondria is often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell because it is responsible for producing most of the energy (ATP) that the cell needs to carry out its functions. This is done through a process called cellular respiration, which takes place within the mitochondria. The mitochondria also plays a key role in other cellular processes, such as apoptosis (programmed cell death), calcium signaling, and the synthesis of certain important molecules.

Answer:

People who have sickle cell disease inherit two faulty hemoglobin genes, called hemoglobin S — one from each parent. A person has sickle cell trait when the hemoglobin S gene is inherited from only one parent and a normal hemoglobin gene — hemoglobin A — is inherited from the other.

Sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes initiate the exchange with one another, while homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrads.

5. In prophase I, chromatin consolidates. Two sister chromatids form the foundation of each chromosome.

1. Sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes initiate the exchange with one another, whereas homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrads.

2. Along the cell's middle, homologous pairs of chromosomes line up.

3. moving in the opposite direction of the cell's poles, the centrioles.

4. The cell separates down the center and inverse shafts of the cell are the outcome.

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Answer: The correct answer is:

It redistributes heat from the poles to the equator.

Explanation:

The ocean conveyor belt, also known as the global ocean conveyor or thermohaline circulation, is a complex system of ocean currents that circulates water throughout the world's oceans. This system plays a critical role in regulating Earth's climate, as it helps distribute heat from the tropics towards the poles and vice versa.

The ocean conveyor belt works by carrying warm, salty water from the tropics towards the poles, where it cools and becomes denser, eventually sinking and flowing back towards the equator as cold water. This process helps redistribute heat from warmer to cooler regions, which helps to moderate the climate in these areas.

The ocean conveyor belt also has an impact on regional climate by influencing the distribution of precipitation. In areas where warm water from the tropics is carried towards the poles, it can increase evaporation and lead to greater rainfall. Conversely, in regions where cold water is carried towards the equator, it can lead to reduced precipitation.

Overall, the ocean conveyor belt is an important part of Earth's climate system, and understanding its functioning is crucial for predicting and mitigating the impacts of climate change.

The number of Nucleotide sequences or chromosomes during various cell cycle stages can be easily counted. Rule of thumb: Count the number of operational centromeres to get the number of chromosomes.

A living creature with a well-organized structure, the capacity to respond to stimuli, procreate, grow, adapt, and keep homeostasis. Etymology: Organon, which means "instrument" in Greek, is where the word organism gets its name. Synonyms include live thing, living being, and life form.

A living organism is anything that contains cells as its fundamental unit of organization and has the ability to sustain life. A few examples of living things are people, fungi, vegetation, trees, animals, microbes, protozoa, and insects.

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Answer:

The gates or channels in the cell membrane are regulated to control the movement of ions into or out of the cell. If the gates remained open all the time, there would be uncontrolled and excessive movement of ions, which could disrupt the normal functioning of the cell. Additionally, keeping the gates closed when they are not needed helps to conserve the energy required for ion transport. Therefore, the regulation of the gates or channels in the cell membrane is important for maintaining the proper ion concentration and electrochemical gradients necessary for cellular processes.

Explanation:

Answer:

Cell division is controlled by a variety of factors, including genetic and environmental factors. The cell cycle is regulated by a complex network of proteins and signaling pathways that ensure that the cell divides accurately and at the appropriate time.

Some key regulators of cell division include cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), tumor suppressor genes (such as p53), and checkpoint proteins that monitor the progress of the cell cycle. These regulators ensure that DNA replication occurs correctly, that chromosomes are properly aligned and separated during mitosis or meiosis, and that the cell undergoes apoptosis (programmed cell death) if necessary to prevent the proliferation of damaged or abnormal cells.

In addition to these internal factors, external signals such as growth factors and hormones can also influence cell division. For example, certain hormones can stimulate cell division in response to physiological demands such as tissue repair or growth during development. Overall, cell division is a highly regulated process that is essential for normal growth, development, and maintenance of tissues and organs.

Explanation:

Many anaerobic bacteria exist and are most likely their ancestors. Several organisms used various forms of photosynthesis that didn't result in any free oxygen. Others employed a range of chemical techniques.

Because glycolysis doesn't require oxygen molecules, it is in fact an old metabolic route. This implies that it persisted even when there was insufficient oxygen in the air. Organisms might have exploited the glycolysis mechanism to produce energy in the decreasing environment.

The ATP synthase is a mitochondrial enzyme that is found in the inner membrane and is responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate. This reaction is fueled by protons moving across a gradient created by chemical proton-to-electron transfer.

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Depending on the desired mechanism of action, the hormone type for the contraceptive medicine is selected. To stop ovulation or spermatogenesis, the medication would target feedback mechanisms, effector cells, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

While the diaphragm, cervical cap, and sponge are also excellent non-hormonal choices, they require slightly more upkeep than other techniques. Not everyone can comply with their requirement to take care of their birth control just before having sex.

Nonhormonal techniques, such as the cervical cap, diaphragm, and sponge, as well as barrier techniques (like condoms) and the copper IUD are covered individually.

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Answer:

Information Leaflet: Smoking, Alcohol and Sports Performance

Introduction:

Welcome to the health promotion team's well-being roadshow. This year's theme is about the health risks associated with smoking and excessive alcohol consumption and how these can affect sporting performance. In this leaflet, we will provide you with information on the health risks associated with smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and how they can affect your sports performance. We will also explore ways in which you can stop smoking and reduce your alcohol consumption.

Health Risks Associated with Smoking and its Effects on Sports Performance:

Respiratory Problems: Smoking can cause respiratory problems, such as shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing, which can hinder your sports performance. Smoking can also cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which can make it difficult to breathe and reduce your endurance levels.

Cardiovascular Problems: Smoking can cause cardiovascular problems, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke, which can negatively impact your sports performance. Smoking can also cause reduced blood flow to your muscles, which can lead to muscle fatigue and cramps.

Reduced Lung Function: Smoking can reduce your lung function, which can make it difficult to breathe, particularly during intense exercise. This can affect your endurance and overall sports performance.

Increased Risk of Injuries: Smoking can increase your risk of injuries, such as sprains and strains, due to reduced flexibility and weakened bones.

Health Risks Associated with Excessive Alcohol Consumption and its Effects on Sports Performance:

Dehydration: Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to dehydration, which can negatively impact your sports performance. Dehydration can cause fatigue, muscle cramps, and dizziness, which can affect your endurance and coordination.

Reduced Reaction Time: Alcohol can slow down your reaction time, making it difficult to respond quickly to changes in your environment, such as avoiding an opponent or reacting to a ball.

Increased Risk of Injuries: Excessive alcohol consumption can increase your risk of injuries, such as sprains and strains, due to impaired coordination and reaction time.

Reduced Muscle Growth and Recovery: Alcohol consumption can reduce your muscle growth and recovery, which can hinder your ability to build muscle and recover after a workout.

Techniques to Stop Smoking and Reduce Alcohol Consumption:

Stopping Smoking:

Nicotine Replacement Therapy: This involves using nicotine patches, gum, or lozenges to reduce your withdrawal symptoms and cravings.

Behavioral Therapy: This involves identifying your smoking triggers and developing strategies to overcome them, such as avoiding situations where you usually smoke.

Reducing Alcohol Consumption:

Set a Limit: Set a limit on the number of drinks you will have per week or per occasion.

Alternate with Non-Alcoholic Beverages: Alternate between alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages to reduce your overall alcohol consumption.

Are Certain Techniques Better Than Others?

Research suggests that combining nicotine replacement therapy with behavioral therapy can increase the chances of successfully quitting smoking. Similarly, setting a limit and alternating between alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages can be effective strategies for reducing alcohol consumption.

Conclusion:

Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can have negative effects on your sports performance and overall health. We hope this information has provided you with useful insights on the health risks associated with smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and ways in which you can stop smoking and reduce your alcohol consumption. Remember, a healthy lifestyle can enhance your sports performance and overall well-being.

Explanation:

Answer:

Glucose is a six-carbon sugar molecule with the molecular formula C6H12O6, while pyruvic acid is a three-carbon molecule with the molecular formula C3H4O3. During the process of glycolysis, which is the breakdown of glucose to produce energy, one molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

So, the reason why there is one molecule of glucose on the left side of the arrow and two molecules of pyruvic acid on the right side of the arrow is because one molecule of glucose produces two molecules of pyruvic acid during glycolysis. This is due to the fact that the six-carbon glucose molecule is broken down into two three-carbon molecules, each of which is converted into a molecule of pyruvic acid.

Punnett squares are used to get genotypic and phenotypic probabilities among the progenies. Cross 1: 1) 50%. 2) 50%. 3) two types of genotypes: Gg and gg. 4) Two types of phenotypes: gray and albino. 5) 50%. 6) 50%. 7) the female is gray. 8) the male is albino. Cross 2: 1) 100%. 2) 0%. 3) two types of genotypes: Gg and GG. 4) One type of phenotype: gray. 5) 50%. 6) 50%. 7) The female is GG. 8) the male is gray

The Punnett square is a graphic representation that shows the different types of gamete combinations according to the alleles involved in a cross.

Punnett square shows the probabilities of getting offspring with different genotypes and their consequent phenotypes.

In the exposed example, we have a feature (coat color) coded by a diallelic gene.

Now, we need to perfomr the following crosses,

Cross 1:  a gray heterozygous female with an albino male

Parentals) Gg   x    gg

Gametes)  G   g     g    g

Punnett square)    G      g

                       g    Gg    gg

                       g    Gg    gg

F1) 50% of the progeny is expected to be heterozygous Gg and be gray

    50% of the progeny is expected to be homozygous gg and be albino

1) the probability of getting gray offspring is 50%

2) the probability of getting albino offspring is 50%

3) There are two types of genotypes among the offspring: Gg and gg

4) There are two types of phenotypes among the offspring: gray and albino.

5) the probability of getting heterozygous individuals is 50%

6) the probability of getting homozygous individuals is 50%

7) the female is gray

8) the male is albino

Cross 2:  homozygous gray female with heterozygous male

Parentals)  GG   x   Gg

Gametes) G   G     G   g

Punnett square)    G       G

                       G    GG     GG

                        g    Gg     Gg

F1) 50% of the progeny is expected to be heterozygous Gg

    50% of the progeny is expected to be homozygous GG

    100% of the progeny is expected to be gray

1) the probability of getting gray offspring is 100%

2) the probability of getting albino offspring is 0%

3) There are two types of genotypes among the offspring: Gg and GG

4) There is one type of phenotype among the offspring: gray.

5) the probability of getting heterozygous individuals is 50%

6) the probability of getting homozygous dominant individuals is 50%

7) The female is GG

8) the male is gray

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Answer:

As a student, there are several actions I can take to prevent and control deforestation:

Reduce paper usage: One of the main causes of deforestation is the demand for paper products. By reducing paper usage and opting for digital alternatives, we can help to reduce the demand for wood pulp.

Participate in reforestation programs: Many organizations and communities organize tree planting programs to counteract deforestation. As a student, I can participate in these programs to help plant new trees and restore damaged ecosystems.

Spread awareness: Educating others about the importance of forests and the negative impacts of deforestation can help to raise awareness and reduce demand for products that contribute to deforestation.

Support sustainable forestry practices: When purchasing wood products, look for those that are certified as sustainably harvested. This helps to ensure that the products are sourced from responsibly managed forests.

Reduce meat consumption: The production of beef and other meats is a significant contributor to deforestation, as forests are often cleared to make way for grazing land. By reducing meat consumption, we can help to reduce demand for products that contribute to deforestation.

Use public transportation: The construction of roads and highways is another cause of deforestation. By using public transportation or carpooling, we can help to reduce the need for new roads and the associated deforestation.

Overall, preventing and controlling deforestation requires a combination of individual actions and systemic changes. As a student, I can do my part by taking these actions and advocating for sustainable practices in my community.

Explanation:

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The steps that can be taken to prevent deforstation are: Afforestation that is planting more trees. Enact strict laws to prevent illegal cutting down of trees. Spread awareness about the importance of forest.

1. Plant a tree

2. Use less paper

3. Recycle paper and cardboard

4. Use recycled products

5. Buy only sustainable wood products

6 Practice eco-forestry

7.Raise awareness

8. Respect the rights of indigenous people

these are the eight steps you can prevent/control deforestation and what are the preventive/controlling measures

1. The probability of getting a grey offspring is 50%, as the female is heterozygous (Gg) and can produce either a gamete with the G allele or a gamete with the g allele, and the male only produces gametes with the g allele. Therefore, the possible offspring genotypes are Gg (grey) or gg (albino), with equal likelihood.

2. The probability of getting an albino offspring is also 50%, as explained above.

3. There are three possible genotypes: GG (homozygous dominant), Gg (heterozygous), and gg (homozygous recessive).

4. There are two possible phenotypes: grey (dominant) and albino (recessive).

5. The probability of getting a heterozygous (Gg) offspring is 50%, as explained in (1) and (2).

6. The probability of getting a homozygous offspring (GG or gg) is 25% each, as the possible offspring genotypes are Gg (50%) and gg (50%), and each genotype can be produced in two different ways (GG or Gg for the dominant allele, and gg or Gg for the recessive allele).

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Answer: I did it on paper, than scanned it.

Explanation:

Protein accounts for roughly 20% of the human body and is found in every cell. Protein is a Greek term that means "of the highest significance." Proteins are known as the workhorses of life because they offer structure to the body and conduct a wide range of activities.

The human body requires just 21 amino acids to produce all of the proteins it requires to operate and grow. Since amino acids may be ordered in so many various ways, your body can produce thousands of different types of proteins from only 21 amino acids.

Protein is found in every cell of the human body. Protein's fundamental structure is an amino acid chain. Protein is required in your diet to help your body repair and create new cells. Protein is also necessary for the growth and development of children, adolescents, and pregnant women.

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Answer:

a possible claim regarding the disappearance of an organism in an ecosystem could be: "The disappearance of organism X will have a significant impact on the ecosystem's food chain, biodiversity, and overall ecological balance."

Explanation:

Based on the attached image, the volume of the bubble column at exactly 20 seconds is 2.5 mL.

The effect of temperature on the volume of oxygen gas bubbles produced in the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase is that the volume of gas produced increased with an increase in temperature up to an optimum temperature of 45°C.

The volume of the oxygen gas bubbles at exactly 20 seconds = 7.5 mL - 5.00 mL

The volume of the oxygen gas bubbles at exactly 20 seconds = 2.5 mL

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Answer:

Claim: The disappearance of organism VI will have a significant impact on the ecosystem as it plays a critical role in maintaining the ecosystem's stability and biodiversity.

Evidence:

Organism VI is a keystone species, which means that it has a disproportionately large impact on the ecosystem compared to its abundance. It has a significant role in maintaining the food chain and keeping the populations of other species in check. Therefore, the disappearance of organism VI can have cascading effects throughout the ecosystem.

Scientific reasoning:

Organism VI is a predator that feeds on several species of herbivores. The removal of this predator would cause an increase in the population of herbivores, leading to overgrazing and depletion of plant resources. This, in turn, can impact the populations of other species that rely on these plants for food and habitat. Furthermore, the increase in herbivore populations can lead to increased competition for resources, further disrupting the ecosystem's balance.

Mathematical representation:

We can use a simple ecological model to demonstrate the impact of the disappearance of organism VI on the ecosystem. Let's assume that organism VI feeds on species A, B, and C, and these herbivores feed on plant species D and E. The population sizes of these species can be represented as follows:

Organism VI = X

Species A = Y

Species B = Z

Species C = W

Plant species D = P

Plant species E = Q

If we remove organism VI from this model, the population sizes of species A, B, and C will increase, leading to overgrazing and depletion of plant species D and E. This can be represented as:

Organism VI = 0

Species A = Y + dY

Species B = Z + dZ

Species C = W + dW

Plant species D = P - dP

Plant species E = Q - dQ

where dY, dZ, and dW represent the increase in population sizes of species A, B, and C, respectively, and dP and dQ represent the decrease in plant populations. This imbalance in the ecosystem can have cascading effects on other species and ultimately lead to a collapse of the ecosystem.

Explanation:

The disappearance of organism VI could disrupt the ecosystem balance. Its absence can affect the population of its food sources and its predators. The exact impact will depend on the organism's role and niche within the ecosystem.

Given that we're discussing the disappearance of organism VI in an ecosystem, the impact would be significant and multifaceted. Ecosystems are complex networks where all organisms interact with each other and the environment, so if one organism is removed, it could affect the whole system.

For instance, if organism VI is a primary consumer (herbivore), its absence could lead to an overgrowth of its plant food sources, potentially disrupting the balance and overall biodiversity of the ecosystem. Conversely, the predators of organism VI would also be affected. They might face food scarcity, which could lead to a decrease in their population as well.

The exact impact will depend on the role and niche of organism VI within the ecosystem. You could represent this mathematically. For example, if you assume there are 100 organisms of VI, which eats plant A and is eaten by predator B, the disappearance of VI would mean less food for B, and the population of plant A would increase.

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Answer:

The person who is most likely to experience a decrease in their immune system is option c, Deshaun, who is in the midst of final exams week. Stress, such as that experienced during exam week, has been shown to have a negative impact on the immune system. Stress hormones, such as cortisol, can suppress the immune system's ability to fight off infection and disease. While the other options may also experience some stress, final exams are a particularly stressful time for many students and can lead to a temporary decrease in immune system function.

The hypothetical data suggests that the salt marsh's exposure to high-salinity conditions between 2010 and 2020 increased significantly.

This is because the population of Cordgrass increased significantly between 2010 and 2020 while the population of Cattails and Phragmites decreased significantly during the same period.

The amount of dissolved salt in a mass of water is known as salinity.

It makes a significant contribution to conductivity and influences many elements of the chemistry of natural waters as well as the biological activities that take place there.

The salinity of seawater is measured as the amount of salt (in grams) per liter of water. In seawater, each liter usually contains around 35 grams of dissolved salts. It is represented as 35. Ocean salinity typically varies from 33 to 37 grams per liter (33 to 37).

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Answer:

A. The wild population, because it is more likely to contain some plants that are resistant to the fungus.

The genetic diversity of the wild population means that there is a higher likelihood that at least some of the plants will have natural resistance to the fungus. This means that even if the fungus is harmful to most of the plants, the resistant plants will survive and reproduce, passing on their resistance to future generations. In contrast, the crop population, which has lower genetic diversity, is more susceptible to being wiped out entirely by the fungus.

Answer:

A

Explanation:

the more variations, the more options, and therefore the higher the chance that they include some to fight a threat.

this also happened with the human race and e.g. the bubonic plaque and also with the cold, the flu and Covid.

only people with certain genetic markers survived and then reproduced.

if for some reason the bubonic plaque would break out again, and we would not have the antibiotics against it, still it would kill much less of the population than back in medieval times, as we all are descendents from the survivors back then (and carrying mostly their genetic markers) .

and because of the natural selection during the Spanish flu pandemic, the flu and Covid (as a close relative to flu and cold) are today mostly an annoyance and not a deadly threat to the general population. all of them still kill a lot of people, don't get me wrong, but it is still a tiny fraction of the population.

when the western civilization brought the common cold to the Inuit ("Eskimos"), it almost annihilated them completely, as they were not used to such a virus. but luckily at least some of them had the necessary genetic markers, and so they survived. and today it is the same "annoyance" to them as it is to the rest of the world

Covid only got the big headlines, because it killed more than the usual "share" from the risk groups (old and already sick), and concentrated its "efforts" on complex lung infections but also blood infections that caused a dangerous drop of oxygen levels in the blood, which caused the higher than usual hospitalization rates.

immunization by vaccination helped a lot with flu and Covid, but that does not (or very little) help with the natural immunization of future generations, because still everybody reproduces, and not just the ones with the necessary genetic markers to defeat these infections.

The vulnerability to stress varies from individual to person. Among the elements that influenced the susceptibility to stress are hereditary vulnerability, coping style, type of personality and social support.

Some people naturally respond and are more sensitive to stress. Some people are more naturally robust to stress than others due to differences in temperament, a set of inborn personality qualities that can be seen as early as infancy. On the other hand, some people may feel more threatened and be less able to handle stress.

Long-term stress can increase your risk for heart disease, obesity, high blood pressure, and depression. Avoiding and managing it can reduce this risk. You can avoid stress or lessen it by making plans in advance. selecting the initial things to complete.

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The correct answers is that the initial conclusion of the experiment is incorrect since the statistics do not account for subsurface development and the true area of fungus spread may be larger.

Although there is rising support for separating fungi and other microorganisms into a separate kingdom, fungi are typically categorised as plants. Due to this, fungi are most appropriately characterized as microbes that resemble plants but lack chlorophyll.

Any illness or condition brought on by a fungus is referred to as a fungal infection. They often impact your skin, hair, nails, or mucous membranes, but they can also spread to other parts of your body, including your lungs. In the event that your immune system is compromised, you are more susceptible to fungal infections.

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Answer:

it's two (change in species over long periods of time)

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Answer:

B. Radicular cysts are usually associated with the roots of carious or non-vital primary teeth.

D. Reduced regeneration of red blood cells is identified by the presence of poikilocytosis, microcytes with reduced number of reticulocytes.

D. A bone resorption size of more than 10 mm corresponds to cystic formation.

E. The involvement of extraoral fascial spaces, such as buccal space infections or submandibular space infections, is a criterion by which to judge the seriousness of the infection.

B. The primary goal in the surgical management of infection is to provide drainage of accumulated pus and necrotic debris.

D. Drainage from the abscess cavity usually stops after 5 to 7 days.

E. Indications for antibiotic use in oral surgery include severe pericoronitis, acute-onset infection with diffuse swelling and moderate-to-severe pain, patients who have infections of any severity, and infections that have progressed to involvement of extraoral fascial spaces.

Explanation: