How does distance from the thermal energy source affect the amount of thermal energy transfer occurring in a substance

The material with a mass of 45 grams occupies a space of 1 cubic centimeter, the measurement given is density.

What is density?

Any unit that is defined as mass divided by volume is a mass density according to the density equation ( = m/V). There are numerous units for mass density in use due to the great number of units of mass and volume used to represent a wide range of magnitudes.

The two units for density that are perhaps most frequently used are the SI unit of kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m3) and the cgs unit of gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). There are 1000 kg/m3 in one g/cm3.

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Carbon-12: with 6 protons and 6 neutrons and an atomic mass of 12.

The triple-alpha process, which creates carbon-12 in stars, accounts for its abundance, which accounts for 98.93% of the element carbon on Earth. Carbon-12 (12C) is the more abundant of the two stable isotopes of carbon (carbon-13 is the other). Since carbon-12 is used as the reference point to calculate the atomic masses of all other nuclides, its atomic mass is 12 daltons by definition, which makes it particularly significant. Six protons, six neutrons, and six electrons are found in carbon-12.

A resonant, excited, spinless form of carbon-12 is known as the Hoyle state. In 1954, Fred Hoyle predicted that it would exist. It is created using the triple-alpha process.

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The reaction of 1-bromobutane with sodium hydroxide affords the substitution product 1-butanol the rate increases by a factor of 4.

Option D is correct

The homogeneous function idea was developed first for functions with numerous real variables. The concept of vector spaces, which was initially introduced at the end of the 19th century, has naturally been expanded to include functions between vector spaces as a tuple of variable values may be thought of as a coordinate vector.

Usually, there are two definitions used. The general one is applicable to vector spaces across all fields and only enables degrees of homogeneity with integer values.

The second is made to function on an ordered field or, more broadly, a field of real numbers.

The reaction of bromoethane with sodium acetate affords the substitution product methyl acetate. What is the effect of doubling the concentration of sodium acetate on the rate of the reaction?

A) The rate remains the same. C) The rate increases by a factor of 2.

B) The rate decreases by a factor of 2. D) The rate increases by a factor of 4.

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The percentage abundance of B-10 is 80% (Option D)

The following data were obtained from the question:

The pecentage abundance of B-10 can be obtained as illustrated below:

Percentage abundance of B-10 = (Amount of B-10 / total) × 100

Percentage abundance of B-10 = (120 / 150) × 100

Percentage abundance of B-10 = 0.8 × 100

Percentage abundance of B-10 = 80%

Thus, the percentage abundance of B-10 is 80% (Option D)

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It is a  5.76 m aniline solution .

Mass of the solution = 0.17m

Kb for C6H5NH2 = 3.8 x 10^-10

We know Ka for C6H5NH2 = 1.78x10^-11

 We have Kw = Ka x Kb => Ka = Kw / Kb

 => (C2H5NH2)(H3O^+)/(C2H5NH3^+) => 1.78x10^-11 = K^2 / 0.17

K^2 = 3 x 10^-12 => K = 1.73 x 10^-6.

pH = -log(Kw(H3O^+)) = -log(1.73 x 10^-6) = 5.76

Organic substance aniline has the chemical formula C6H5NH2. The simplest aromatic amine is aniline, which consists of an amino group joined to a phenyl group. It is an important commodity chemical for industry and a flexible starting point for the synthesis of fine chemicals. The production of colors, industrial chemicals, and precursors to polyurethane are its principal uses. It smells like rotting fish, just like the majority of volatile amines. It easily ignites and burns with the smoky flame that is typical of aromatic chemicals.

In comparison to benzene, it has more electrons. As a result, it takes part in electrophilic aromatic substitution processes more quickly. It is also susceptible to oxidation; fresh aniline is a nearly colorless oil, but exposure to air causes it to gradually turn yellow or red.

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We must start with 368.82 grams of Al to produce 6.83 mol of [tex]Al_{2} O_{3}[/tex] .

The balanced reaction for the equation as follows:

[tex]4Al + 3O_{2}[/tex] ⇒ [tex]2Al_{2} O_{3}[/tex]

As we can see that 4 moles of Al reacts with 3 moles of [tex]O_{2}[/tex] to produce 2 moles of [tex]Al_{2} O_{3}[/tex], which means 108 grams of Al reacts with 96grams of [tex]O_{2}[/tex] to produce 204 grams of [tex]Al_{2} O_{3}[/tex].

Now,

2 mol of [tex]Al_{2} O_{3}[/tex] react with 108 grams of Al

So,

6.83 mol of [tex]Al_{2} O_{3}[/tex] react with = [tex]\frac{108}{2} *6.83[/tex] grams of Al

6.83 mol of [tex]Al_{2} O_{3}[/tex] react with = 368.82 grams of Al

Therefore, we must start with 368.82 grams of Al to produce 6.83 mol of [tex]Al_{2} O_{3}[/tex] .

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Net filtration would be reduced if the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries rose from 28 mm hg to 35 mm hg.

Pressure in the glomerular capillary   69 mmHg

Pressure in the capsular space  15mm Hg

The colloid osmotic pressure  30 mm Hg

Also no  plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus

In this scenario -

Net filtration pressure is equal to

Pressure in the glomerular capillary  Pressure in the capsular space colloid osmotic pressure

Substituting the given values in above equation, we get -

69-30-15

24 mm Hg

The osmotic pressure is the least amount of pressure that must be applied to a solution in order to block the passage of the solution's pure solvent through a semipermeable membrane. It can alternatively be described as a measurement of a solution's propensity to osmotically absorb a pure solvent. The highest osmotic pressure that may form in a solution if it were cut off from its pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane is known as the potential osmotic pressure.

When two solutions with various solute concentrations are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, osmosis takes place.

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Using standard reduction potentials from the aleks data tab, calculate the standard reaction free energy for the following redox reaction.

The standard Gibbs free energy for the given redox reaction is -106 kJ/mol.

Let's consider the following redox reaction.

10 Cl⁻(aq) + 2 MnO₄⁻(aq) + 16 H⁺(aq) ⇒ 5 Cl₂(g) + 2 Mn²⁺(aq) + 8 H₂O(l)

We can identify both half-reactions with their respective standard reduction potentials (E°red).

Cathode: 2 MnO₄⁻ + 16 H⁺ + 10 e⁻ ⇒ 2 Mn²⁺ + 8 H₂O  E°red = 1.51 V

Anode: 10 Cl⁻ ⇒ 5 Cl₂ + 10 e⁻                                        E°red = 1.40 V

With this information, we will calculate the standard cell potential (E°cell).

What is the standard cell potential?

The standard cell potential is the potential difference between the cathode and anode.

E°cell = Ered,cathode - E°red,anode = 1.51 V - 1.40 V = 0.11 V

What is the standard Gibbs free energy?

The standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum reversible work that may be performed by a thermodynamic system under standard conditions.

It can be calculated using the following expression

ΔG° = - n × F × E°cell

ΔG° = - 10 mol × (96,485 J/V.mol) × 0.11 V × (1 kJ/1000 J) = -106 kJ/mol

where,

n are the moles of electrons exchanged.

F is Faraday's constant.

The standard Gibbs free energy for the given redox reaction is -106 kJ/mol.

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Ozone has a bluish color is a physical property

Ozone has a pungent odor is a physical property

Ozone is very reactive is a chemical property

Ozone decomposes on exposure to ultraviolet light is a chemical property

Ozone is gas at room temperature is a physical property.

What is ozone layer?

We and other living things are protected from the sun's harmful UV radiation by the ozone layer, which is located in the stratosphere between 15 and 30 kilometers above the earth. The ecosystem and human health may suffer significantly if the ozone layer is destroyed.

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The molar mass of unknown gas at 100kPa pressure and temperature of 27⁰C is 44 gram/mol

Given,

Volume of flask is 250 cm³ or 0.25L

Atmospheric pressure of unknown gas is 100kPa or 0.986 atm.

Temperature is 27⁰C = 27 + 273 = 300K

Increase in mass and content is 0.44gm that means this is mass of unknown gas.

Ideal gas law,

PV = nRT

PV = (m/M)× RT

m is given mass

M is molar mass of gas

R = 0.08

0.986 × 0.25 = (0.44/M) × 0.08 × 300

M = 0.44 × 0.08 × 300 / 0.986 × 0.25

M = 10.56 / 0.24 = 44 gram/mol

Therefore, the molar mass of unknown gas is 44 gram/mol.

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Molar Mass, Molecular Weight and Elemental Composition Calculator ; Carbon, C · 12.0107, 4, 52.1710 ; Hydrogen, H · 1.00794, 6, 6.5673.

The mass of a sample of a chemical compound is divided by the quantity of that substance, or the number of moles in the sample, measured in moles, to obtain the compound's molar mass in chemistry.  

In contrast to molecular properties, a substance's molar mass is a bulk property. The compound is present in many different forms, each with a different mass as a result of the isotopes. The molar mass is the average of these masses. The molar mass is most frequently calculated using the standard atomic weights and is a function of the relative abundance of the constituent atoms' isotopes on Earth. It is thus a terrestrial average. In order to convert between a substance's mass and its amount, the molar mass is the suitable unit.

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Answer:

With an 18-carbon backbone, stearic acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid.

What is Stearic Acid?

With an 18-carbon chain, stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid. Octadecanoic acid is the substance's IUPAC name. It has the chemical formula C₁₇H₃₅CO₂H and is a waxy solid. The word "stear," which means tallow in Greek, is where it gets its name. Stearates are the names for the salts and esters of stearic acid. The second most prevalent saturated fatty acid in nature after palmitic acid is stearic acid, which serves as its ester. [11] Stearin is the triglyceride produced when three molecules of stearic acid are combined.

Explanation:

Animal fat contains more stearic acid than vegetable fat does. The foods cocoa butter and shea butter are the notable exceptions because they contain stearic acid (as a triglyceride).

In terms of its biosynthesis, acetyl-CoA contributes two-carbon building blocks to the fatty acid synthesis machinery, which converts carbohydrates into stearic acid.

The triglycerides in fats and oils are saponified with hot water to produce stearic acid. After that, the resulting mixture is distillated.

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LiAlH₄ (LAH) cannot be used to convert carboxylic acids to the corresponding aldehydes because RCOOH is reduced to RCH₂OH.

An organic molecule with the functional group RCH=O is known as an aldehyde. The functional group itself can be categorized as either a formyl group or an aldehyde.

Only when the correct reaction conditions are present in the reaction do specific organic reagents work as intended. For instance, only in the presence of a certain catalyst like Ni or Pt will hydrogen operate as a hydrogenating agent.

Powerful reducing agent LAH (lithium aluminum hydride) is the provided reagent. In the presence of carboxylic acids, it produces equivalent alcohols rather than aldehydes. The conversion of carboxylic acids to their equivalent aldehydes cannot be accomplished using it.

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The complete question is mentioned below:

LiAlH₄ ( LAH ) cannot be used to convert carboxylic acids to the corresponding aldehydes because:

a) LAH is not sufficiently reactive.

b) RCOOH is converted into RCOOLi.

c) RCOOH is reduced to RCH₂OH

d) RCOOH is reduced to RCH₃

e) RCOOH is converted into R₂C = O

Oliver's science project consists of six sealed and labeled containers. he challenges his classmates to identify pure substances versus mixtures and in that sugar is pure substance and air, smog, chocolate milk, coffee this are mixture substance

Here from above given data six sealed containers in that six containers sugar is pure substance because pure substance is a single kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kind of matter by any physical means called pure substance and sugar is pure and has a definite and constant composition, where air, smog, chocolate milk, coffee this are mixture substance because a mixture is a physical composition of two or more pure substances in which each substances retain its own chemical identity called mixture.

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The probable reason for busen burner flame  this condition insufficient oxygen mixing with gas

A gas flame appearing yellow or orange in color or behaving with pops of yellow or orange indicates an improper ratio of oxygen for combustion. Often this improper combustion is temporary and will be caused by dust particles or a dirty burner that needs cleaning.

The yellow/orange/red color is made by carbon soot particles in the flame, produced because the result of incomplete methane gas combustion

Under what conditions does one get a sooty flame?

A black un burned carbon particle are often seen in the sooty flame as this flame burns with a yellow flame due to incomplete combustion.

If there's insufficient air supply, then incomplete combustion of saturated hydrocarbons produces a sooty flame

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The functional group or atoms needed to be present in the R-groups for hydrophobic interactions to occur between two amino acids are non-polar R-groups with hydrocarbon chain or rings.

Hydrophobic interaction are explains relation between water and low water soluble molecules. It describes the tendency of the non-polar groups to collect in any water solution.

Hydrophobic interactions happens among the non polar R-groups in the tertiary structure of amino acid.

The R groups are of varying size, shapes and charges. Hydrophobic interactions are important for tertiary structure of an amino acid, in which amino acids with non-polar R-groups join together on the inner side of protein, which leaves hydrophilic part on the outside.

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By law of conservation of mass The total grams of c and d obtained is equal tp 11 gm

When two or more molecules or compounds interact, one or more new substances are created. These chemical reactions adhere to a set of rules known as the laws of chemical combination. One of the laws of chemical combination is the law of conservation of mass

This law states that the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the result in any physical or chemical change (s).

That implies that mass is unaffected by the reaction both before and after it.

Thus, the mass of all reactants equals the mass of all products, and the mass of A and B equals the mass of C and D.

The mass of C and D is (5g + 6g) = 11g

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The answer would be in an equilibrium or closed system.

Because there will be no change in the given chemical reaction. Even if you want to add the catalyst in the given closed system there would be equal amount of sharing in both forward and backward reactions and hence no changing.

Equilibrium can only be acquired in a closed system where the reaction takes place in a closed holder or a vessel and nothing is lost i.e., reactants or products are lost.

So, in conclusion the phase changes in many substances are reversible and a phase change just like a chemical reaction may takes place in an equilibrium, closed system.

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For a second order reaction where concentration is measured in molarity and time is measured in seconds.

The unit for the rate constant of a second order reaction is Lmol −1s −1 .

What is molarity?

For a second order reaction, rate=k[A] 2

molL −1s −1 =k(molL −1) 2

k=Lmol −1s −1

The molarity of a solution is the quantity of solute in moles per litre of solution. Molarity is represented by a capital M. A solution is a combination of two or more compounds in chemistry in which neither substance undergoes chemical change. For instance, salt water is a mixture of salt and water (the solvent) (the solute).

Therefore,

For a second order reaction where concentration is measured in molarity and time is measured in seconds, the units on the rate constant must be

The unit for the rate constant of a second order reaction is Lmol −1s −1 .

For a second order reaction, rate=k[A] 2

molL −1s −1 =k(molL −1) 2

k=Lmol −1s −1

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The bones are approximately 7539 years old.

A radioactive substance follows the model of exponential decay. This is the model that predicts the half-life of substances. It is given by the following exponential equation.

[tex]A = A_{0}e^{-kt}[/tex]

Where

[tex]A_{0}[/tex]     is the initial amount present at the start,

t  is the time, and

k  is the constant that governs the rate of decay. Use this model to solve the age of the bones.

Evaluating the question :

When a radioactive substance reaches its half-life, half its original amount will be decayed away due to radiation. Using the exponential decay model,

                                              [tex]A = A_{0} e^{-kt}[/tex]

substitute [tex]A = \frac{1}{2} A_{0}[/tex],   and the half-life of the element to determine k completing the full model of the decay.

                                     [tex]\frac{1}{2}A_{0} = A_{0} e^{- 5750k}[/tex]

The first thing to do, is to divide both sides with [tex]A_{0}[/tex]

                                       [tex]\frac{\frac{1}{2}A_{0} }{A_{0} } = \frac{A_{0}e^{-kt} }{A_{0} } \\ \frac{1}{2} = e^{-5750k}[/tex]

Now, take the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation.

                                        [tex]ln(\frac{1}{2}) = ln e^{-5750k}[/tex]

                                       [tex]ln(\frac{1}{2}) = -5750k[/tex]

Divide both sides of the equation with  −5750, then evaluate using a logarithm table or a calculator.

                                  [tex]k = 1.2054734[/tex]× [tex]10^{-4}[/tex]

Now, that the constant is determined, this means the exponential decay of the radioactive substance is modeled by the following equation.

                                   [tex]A = A_{0} e^{- 1.2054734 * 10^{-4} }[/tex]

The bones that were found lost 59.7% of the carbon-14 originally present. Using symbols, this can be written as,

                                           [tex]A = A_{0} - 59.7%\\\\A = A_{0} ( 1 - 0.597)\\\\A = 0.403A_{0}[/tex]

This means that only 40.3 %  of the radioactive substance remained. Substitute this to the mathematical model above, then solve for the time in years.

                               [tex]0.403A_{0} = A_{0} e^{-1.2054734 *10^{-4} }[/tex]

Now, take the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation.

                                      [tex]ln0.403 = -1.2054734 *10^{-4} t[/tex]

Now, solve for t by dividing both sides of the equation with −1.2054734 ×

[tex]10 ^{-4}[/tex]

Evaluate using a logarithm table or a calculator.t = 7539.10 years

Therefore, the bones are approximately 7539  years old.

The half-life of a radioactive isotope is that the amount of time it takes for one-half of the radioactive isotope to decay. The half-life of a selected radioactive isotope is constant; it is unaffected by conditions and is independent of the initial amount of that isotope

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The amount of medicine that should be given to a 182-pound person is 718 mg.

To calculate the dosage of medicine we have to first convert the weight of a person from pound to kg

We know that,

1 pound = 0.454 kg

Thus, the weight of a person weighing 182 pounds is 182 x 0.454 = 82.628 kg.

The dosage prescribed is 8.70 mg of medicine per kg of body weight.

Thus, the dosage for 82.62 kg comes out to be 82.62 x 8.70 = 718.78 mg.

Thus, the amount of medicine that should be given to a 182-pound person is 718 mg.

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Water solubility affect signaling molecules because water soluble ligand are polar and therefore cannot pass through plasma membrane

Hydrophobic molecule can diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to internal receptor water soluble ligand are unable to pass free through the plasma membrane due to their polarity and must bind to an extracellular of the cell. there are so many signals are insoluble in water. signaling molecules are classified in two type hydrophilic and hydrophobic in which hydrophilic signaling molecules are binding to receptors proteins while hydrophobic signaling molecules are transport through bloodstream attached to hydrophilic center.

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Answer:

synthesis and decomposition has a high scientific value as synthesis and decomposition are one of the most important types of chemical reactions to occur in the nature. A chemical reaction is defined as the formation or breaking of chemical bonds between atoms to form new combinations of atoms. The atoms or combination of atoms involved in a chemical reaction is referred to as reactants and the newly formed substances are known as products. All the chemical reactions occur in the biological system are categorized into four types; synthesis reactions, decomposition reactions, exchange reactions, and reversible reactions. In this article, the difference between synthesis and decomposition will be discussed broadly.

Explanation:

What are the differences between Synthesis and Decomposition?•

Decomposition is the opposite of synthesis.•

Synthesis is the process of the formation of new bonds between reactants to form new products, whereas decomposition is the breaking of chemical bonds within reactants to form different products.•

Synthesis requires energy, whereas decomposition release energy.•

Decomposition reactions are collectively called catabolism, whereas synthesis reactions are called anabolism.•

Synthesis involved in the growth of body parts and repair body tissues. Decomposition takes place during the digestion of foods.

Activity would be expected for a 25.3 mg sample of carbon-14 is 25.296

Here given data is Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 yrs and expected for a 25.3 mg sample of carbon-14 =?

So here half life of Carbon-14 is t1/2=5730 yrs

This means that 5730 yrs the initial amount of carbon-14 will be halved

The radioactive constant is λ=ln2/t1/2 = ln2/5730=0.000121

The fundamental decay equation is m=m0e⁻λt

Initial amount of carbon-14 is m0=25.3

Therefore, 25.3×e⁰⁰⁰⁰¹²¹=25.296

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The intermolecular forces present between the molecules of carbon tetrabromide (CBr4) are london dispersion forces.

What are lewis structures?

Dots are used to indicate the positions of electrons surrounding the atoms in a molecule's Lewis structure, and lines or pairs of dots stand in for covalent bonds between atoms. The goal of creating a Lewis dot structure is to locate lone electron pairs in molecules in order to better understand how chemical bonds are formed.

One carbon atom and four bromine atoms make up the chemical compound CBr4, often known as carbon tetrabromide. The carbon atom in the Lewis structure of CBr4 is surrounded by four single bonds, has four bromine atoms connected to it, and has three lone pairs on each of the bromine atoms.

The intermolecular forces present between the molecules of carbon tetrabromide are london dispersion forces.

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Answer:different numbers of electrons in their valance shells

Explanation:voodoo$

Answer:

the same number of valence electrons

Explanation:

melting of butter is a physical change

Explanation:

A negatively charged particle located in the cloud like smear of negative charge of an atom is called an electron.

The electron (symbol: e⁻) is a subatomic particle whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.

The electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton (subatomic particle with a positive electric charge of +1e elementary charge).

An electron cloud is ​the region of negative charge surrounding an atomic nucleus that is associated with an atomic orbita

The region of negative charge is an electron cloud (high probability of containing electrons). It surrounds an atomic nuclei.

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Answer: Your welcome!

Explanation:

A certain frequency of line in the hydrogen spectrum occurs when an electron in the atom transitions from one energy level to another, releasing or absorbing a photon of light with a specific frequency. This frequency is determined by the energy difference between the two levels and is referred to as the Rydberg equation. The Rydberg equation specifies the frequency of the photon as a function of the energy levels and the mass of the electron. The frequency of a line in the hydrogen spectrum is therefore determined by the energy difference between the two levels, as well as the mass of the electron.

The catalyst for catalysing the hydrogenation of an unsaturated hydrocarbon is H2/Pt. A saturated hydrocarbon called an alkane, which is the main result, is produced when hydrogen atoms are added across a double or triple bond in the hydrocarbon.

A significant product is what?

The more stable and so more likely to develop main product of a reaction would be. One example would be the electrophilic addition of propane to HBr.

The catalyst for catalysing the hydrogenation of an unsaturated hydrocarbon is H2/Pt. A saturated hydrocarbon called an alkane, which is the main result, is produced when hydrogen atoms are added across a double or triple bond in the hydrocarbon.

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