Answer:
Enteric Nervous System
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that directly controls the gastrointestinal system.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Describe the structure and function of the enteric nervous system (ENS)
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Key Points
The enteric nervous system (ENS), which is embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system, can operate independently of the brain and the spinal cord.
The ENS consists of two plexuses, the submucosal and the myenteric. The myenteric plexus increases the tone of the gut and the velocity and intensity of contractions. The submucosal plexus is involved with local conditions and controls local secretion, absorption, and muscle movements.
While described as a second brain, the enteric nervous system normally communicates with the central nervous system (CNS) through the parasympathetic (via the vagus nerve ) and sympathetic (via the prevertebral ganglia) nervous systems, but can still function when the vagus nerve is severed.
The ENS includes efferent neurons, afferent neurons, and interneurons, all of which make the ENS capable of carrying reflexes and acting as an integrating center in the absence of CNS input.
The ENS contains support cells, which are similar to the astroglia of the brain, and a diffusion barrier around the capillaries surrounding the ganglia, which is similar to the blood –brain barrier of cerebral blood vessels.
Key Terms
enteric nervous system: A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal system.
EXAMPLES
The second brain of the enteric nervous system is the reason we get butterflies in our stomach or need to use the restroom more frequently when we are nervous and/or under stress.
The gastrointestinal (GI) system has its own nervous system, the enteric nervous system (ENS). Neurogastroenterology is the study of the enteric nervous system, a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that directly controls the gastrointestinal system. The ENS is capable of autonomous functions such as the coordination of reflexes.
Although it receives considerable innervation from the autonomic nervous system, it can and does operate independently of the brain and the spinal cord. The ENS consists of some 100 million neurons, one-thousandth of the number of neurons in the brain, and about one-tenth the number of neurons in the spinal cord. The enteric nervous system is embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system.
Ganglia of the ENS
The neurons of the ENS are collected into two types of ganglia:
The myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus, located between the inner and outer layers of the muscularis externa
The submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus, located in the submucosa
The Myenteric Plexus
The myenteric plexus is mainly organized as a longitudinal chains of neurons. When stimulated, this plexus increases the tone of the gut as well as the velocity and intensity of its contractions. This plexus is concerned with motility throughout the whole gut. Inhibition of the myenteric system helps to relax the sphincters —the muscular rings that control the flow of digested food or food waste.
The Submucosal Plexus
The submucosal plexus is more involved with local conditions and controls local secretion and absorption, as well as local muscle movements. The mucosa and epithelial tissue associated with the submucosal plexus have sensory nerve endings that feed signals to both layers of the enteric plexus. These tissues also send information back to the sympathetic pre-vertebral ganglia, the spinal cord, and the brain stem.
This is an illustration of neural control of the gut wall by the autonomic nervous system and the enteric nervous system. A sensory neuron is shown to stimulate the nerves in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses, which are connected to nerves in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sensory neuron is also shown signal the ganglia and central nervous system.
Neural control of the gut: An illustration of neural control of the gut wall by the autonomic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.
Function and Structure of the ENS
The enteric nervous system has been described as a second brain. There are several reasons for this. For instance, the enteric nervous system can operate autonomously. It normally communicates with the central nervous system (CNS) through the parasympathetic (e.g., via the vagus nerve) and sympathetic (e.g., via the prevertebral ganglia) nervous systems. However, vertebrate studies show that when the vagus nerve is severed, the enteric nervous system continues to function.
Explanation:
HELPP!! I REALLY NEED TO BRING UP MY SCIENCE GRADE!!!!
Scientists studied the location of ____ to determine plate boundaries.
Answer:
Of earthquakes
Explanation:
What is the difference between fumarate and fumaric acid?
Answer:
the difference is fumaric acid the carboxylic acid groups are trans (E) and in maleic acid they are cis (Z)
Explanation:
and Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food
BRAINLIEST IF YOU GET IT!! 5 STARS & A THANK YOU!!
Which of the following is a distinguishing difference between rocks and minerals?
A. Minerals are aggregates of different rocks and elements.
B. Minerals have specific chemical compositions, but rocks do not.
C. Crystals are a type of rock and granite is a type of mineral.
D. Minerals are made of rocks combined in different combinations.
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
Minerals are formed due to chemical composition by rocks are pressured into their formed from dirt and naturally hard things.
The statement that represents a distinguishing difference between rocks and minerals is as follows:
Minerals have specific chemical compositions, but rocks do not.Thus, the correct option for this question is B.
What is the difference between rocks and minerals?A mineral is a naturally occurring substance with distinctive chemical and physical properties, composition, and atomic structure. Rocks are generally made up of two or more minerals, mixed up through geological processes.
Minerals are definitely formed due to chemical composition by rocks being pressured into their formation from dirt and naturally hard things. A rock is an inorganic and a solid naturally-formed substance without any chemical composition or atomic structure.
A mineral is also a solid, inorganic, substance as that like a rock which has a definite crystalline structure as well as chemical composition. Rocks form, break down and move through the rock cycle.
Therefore, the correct option for this question is B.
To learn more about the Rock and minerals, refer to the link:
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PLS HELP 6TH GRADE ITS ONE QUESTION ABOUT SCIENCE
Answer: The answer is C
Explanation:
Your answer would be C. :)
What is a song that gets you in a mood? ;)
Answer:
Uhm- s-- money- feelings- die? But, slowed -w-
Explanation:
true or false the membrane of rer is continuous with the outer layer of the mithochondrial membrane
Answer:
false
Explanation:
which of the following indicates the cathode rays has a large charge to mass ratio?
Answer:
Gggg
Explanation:
The indication of the cathode rays that has a large charge to mass ratio is there were deflected towards a positive electrode. The correct option is b.
What are cathode rays?Cathode rays are the rays that move through the negatively charged electrode the cathode charge to the positively charged electrode which is the anode charge in a vacuum tube.
These rays travel through a pipe in a straight line with speed when there is voltage is applied. They are also called electron beams. There is a cathode ray tube, CRT, which is a vacuum tube on which cathode rays travel.
So, the correct option will be for the cathode rays would be deflected towards a positive charge anode.
Therefore, the correct option is b, there were deflected towards a positive electrode.
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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below:
They were easily deflected
There were deflected towards a positive electrode
They were deflected towards a negative electrode
They caused a fluorescent screen to glow
Can someone help me please. chem.
Answer:
linar
Explanation:
25.0 g Fe2CO3 reacts with 20.0 g CO in the reaction below. What is the limiting reactant and what best explains why is this reactant limiting?
Fe2CO3 + CO --> 2Fe + 2CO2
Answer:
In a chemical reaction, reactants that are not used up when the reaction is finished are called excess reagents. The reagent that is completely used up or reacted is called the limiting reagent, because its quantity limits the amount of products formed. It represents a reaction of a metal and a diatomic gas chlorine.
What is the difference between a chemical symbol and a chemical formula?
Answer: A chemical symbol is a one- or two-letter designation of an element. Compounds are combinations of two or more elements. A chemical formula is an expression that shows the elements in a compound and the relative proportions of those elements. Many elements have symbols that derive from the Latin name for the element
Practice Problem #2: How many atoms
of Ba are in 7.8 moles of Ba?
[tex]7.8 \: mol = \frac{6.02 \times {10}^{23} atoms}{1 \: mol} = 4.6956 \times {10}^{24} \: atoms[/tex]
round as you wish.
anyone know how to do this?
Find the mass of a person walking west at a speed of 0.8 m/s with momentum of 52.0 kg*m/s west.
Answer:
12 preguntas y no te sabes ni una sola valla el mundo se está acabando
Answer:
65 kg
Explanation:
m = p ÷ v
m= 52 ÷ 0.8
m = 65 kg
Bill is experimenting with two simple machines. How will he know which
machine is more efficient?
O It will use less force to do the same amount of work.
O It will use more force to do the same amount of work.
O It will be lighter and stronger than the other simple machine.
It will not be possible to tell which simple machine is more efficient.
20 POINTS!!
__________ aid the immune system in mounting attacks against cancer cells by targeting antigens only found on the surface of cancer cells.
A. Monoclonal antibodies
B. Interferons
C. CRISPR
D. Vaccines
E. Interleukins
Answer:
B. Interferon
Explanation:
interferon targets any lingering melanoma cells and prevents them from spreading and growing.
A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene is called am
Mutation
Germline
Meiosis
Evolution
Answer:
Gene mutation
Explanation:
A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, such that the sequence differs from what is found in most people. Mutations range in size; they can affect anywhere from a single DNA building block base pair to a large segment of a chromosome that includes multiple genes
SCIENCE
What is it called when two or more elements are brought together?
A. Solution.
B. Mixture.
C. Chemical reaction.
Answer:
C
chemical reaction .
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Chemical reaction.
Mars have more gravity than earth?
True or false?
Answer:
false
Explanation:
earth is larger than mars so it has more gravity
Answer: false
Explanation:
What is your observation of the relationship between m and a
Answer:
They are both letters?
Explanation:
Name the element which has twice the number of electrons in its second shell as in the first shell write it's electronic configuration also.
Thermal expansion occurs when particles of matter move farther apart as temperature increase. True or false ?
Answer:
true
Explanation:
Now molecules: Choose... molecules of H 2 + Choose... molecules of O 2 → Choose... molecules of H 2 O
Answer:
2 H2 + 1 O2 → 2 H2O
Explanation:
The water cycle describes the movement of water on Earth. Water in oceans and lakes evaporates and turns into water vapor. This water vapor condenses and forms clouds which produce precipitation. Precipitation falls all over the Earth's surface. The water eventually comes back to the oceans through run-off. Which steps in the water cycle carry water out of an ocean and into a freshwater lake?
A. Evaporation and precipitation
B. Rivers and streams
C. Underground tunnels
D. Condensation and run-off
Answer:
c. Underground tunnels
Explanation:
Yes, water below your feet is moving all the time, but, no, if you have heard there are rivers flowing below ground, that is not true. Water moves underground downward and sideways, in great quantities, due to gravity and pressure. Eventually it emerges back to the land surface, into rivers, and into the oceans to keep the water cycle going.
Note: This section of the Water Science School discusses the Earth's "natural" water cycle without human interference.
The steps in the water cycle that carries water out of the ocean into a freshwater lake are rivers and streams.
What is the water cycle?The water cycle is used to describe the movement of water in the ecosystem. It involves the various processes through which water can move in the universe.
The steps in the water cycle that carries water out of the ocean into a freshwater lake are rivers and streams.
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What is the freezing point of a solution of 498mL of water (solute) dissolved in 2.50 L of ethanol (solvent), C2H5OH? The density of C2H5OH is 0.789g/cm3. (Remember that water has a density of 1.0 g/cm3.)
Answer:
Freezing T° of solution is -142.4°C
Explanation:
This excersise is about colligative properties, in this case freezing point depression,
ΔT = Kf . m . i
Where ΔT = Freezing T° of solvent - Freezing T° of solution
Kf = Cryoscopic constant
m = mol/kg (molality)
i = Number of ions dissolved.
Water is not ionic, so i = 1
Let's find out m.
We determine mass of water, by density
498ml . 1 g/mL = 498 g
We convert the mass of water to moles → 498 g . 1mol/18g = 27.6 moles
We determine mass of solvent by density
2500 mL . 0.789 g/mL = 1972.5 g
Notice, we had to convert L to mL to cancel units.
1 cm³ = 1 mL
We convert the mass from g to kg → 1972.5 g . 1kg /1000g = 1.97kg
We determine m = mol/kg → 27.6mol / 1.97kg = 13.9 m
Kf for ethanol is: 1.99 °C/m
Freezing T° for ethanol is: -114.6°C
We replace at formula: - 114.6°C - Freezing T° solution = 1.99 °C/m . 13.9 m . 1
- 114.6°C - Freezing T° solution = 27.8 °C
- Freezing T° solution = 27.8°C + 114.6°C
Freezing T° Solution = - 142.4 °C
Solid sodium combines with solution of magnesium fluoride to form sodium fluoride solution and magnesium metal.
Solid sodium combines with solution of magnesium fluoride to form sodium fluoride solution and magnesium metal is adding hydrochloric acid into form magnesium chloride solution and hydrogen gas. A solution could be copper oxide is combined with solid carbon. This forms copper metal and carbon dioxide gas.
Fill in the blank...
Each element is made up of only one kind of ________
name three layers of our skin
Predict: In each "Climate type" box, Highlight the condition you think will lead to the fastest weathering for the given weathering type.
Weathering type
Climate type
Frost wedging
Hot
Cold
Wet
Dry
Clay formation
Hot
Cold
Wet
Dry
Dissolving
Hot
Cold
Wet
Dry
Answer:
Frost Wedging - Hot and dry
Clay Formation - Cold and Wet
Dissolving - Cold, and dry
Explanation:
The frost wedging happen when the climatic condition is hot and dry. The dry weather compensates the heat and the rock wedging happens quickly. For clay formation the weather has to be cold and wet. The cold weather will make the sand indulge with rock particles resulting in the clay formation.
If you were standing on a beach during the day time, what direction might you feel a
breeze from? Explain why this happens.
Answer:
hi
Explanation:
if your standing in the beach for like in hour and then the temp will start to drop your body heating will start to go down to .
28 grams of Al react with 30 Oxygen gas (O2) to produce Al Oxide (Al2O3). How many grams of Al Oxide will be produced
Answer:
58
Explanation:
Due to conservation of energy, the sum of the reactants = the sum of the products. So 28 + 30 = 58g