Acetyl-CoA brings carbon atoms to the citric acid cycle. These carbon atoms are passed through many intermediary steps. For example, there are 4 carbon atoms (C) present in oxaloacetate.
About Acetyl-coaA molecule important in metabolism and is useful in many biochemical reactions is called Acetyl-coa . The main function of this molecule is to provide as many carbon atoms which are in the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized to obtain energy, and synthesize a neurotransmitter named acetylcholine which is obtained by a chemical reaction with the help of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and a by-product in the form of coenzyme A.
Generally, the metabolism of fatty acids will produce acetyl-CoA for the citric acid cycle. In the liver, when the circulation of fatty acids is too high, the production of acetyl CoA from reduction of fat will exceed the energy needed by the cells of the body and will form a ketone group. The high ratio of ketone groups in the blood circulation can cause ketosis or ketoacidosis.
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The air pressure inside a submarine is 0.62 atm. What would be the height of a column of mercury balanced by this pressure?
The height of a column of mercury balanced by 0.62 atm pressure is 471.2 mmHg.
What is pressure ?
Pressure is defined as the force applied perpendicular to an object's surface per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure is the pressure in relation to the surrounding atmosphere. Pressure is expressed using a variety of units.
The standard air pressure in a mercury-containing vessel keeps the mercury level grown up to 760 mm higher
It is relatively similar to the force from the weight of that column in the vessel.
Given:
0.62 atm air pressure - inside a submarine,
mercury level at 1 atm = 760 mmHg
The height of the column of mercury balanced by this pressure is as follows:
= 0.62 × 760 mmHg
= 471.2 mmHg
Thus, the height of a column of mercury balanced by 0.62 atm pressure - 471.2 mmHg
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Guys I need your help!! it's due tomorrow! I would be very grateful if you could help me!
The reaction's chemically balanced equation is as follows:3CCl4 + 3N2 + 6H2 = 3CH4 + 3 N2Cl4
What is a balanced chemical equation?
The reaction's chemically balanced equation is as follows:
3CCl4 + 3N2 + 6H2 = 3CH4 + 3 N2Cl4
A chemical reaction that has the same number of moles in the reactant and product sides is said to have a balanced chemical equation.
The missing image, which is included below, shows what the picture represents:
The side that reacts:
Three molecules each of CH4 and N2Cl4
The component side:
6 molecules of H2, 3 molecules each of CCl4, N2, and 3.
Consequently, the following is the reaction's balanced chemical equation:
3CCl4 + 3N2 + 6H2 = 3CH4 + 3 N2Cl4
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The container seems to have about 650 mL of copper(II) sulfate
solution in volume. Convert this volume to liters (L) of
solution.
The volume of copper (II) sulfate in a container is equivalent to 0.650L.
How to convert units of volume?Volume is the three-dimensional measure of space that comprises a length, a width and a height. It is measured in units of cubic centimeters (cm³) in metric, cubic inches or cubic feet in English measurement.
According to this question, a container seems to have about 650 mL of copper(II) sulfate solution in volume. The volume can be converted to litres as follows:
1 millilitre = 0.001 litre
650 millilitres = 0.650 litres
Therefore, 0.650L is the volume of copper II sulfate in litres.
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when a metal plate is given a positive charge, which of the following is taking place? protons (positive charges) are transferred to the plate from another object. it depends on whether the object conveying the charge is a conductor or an insulator. electrons (negative charges) are transferred from the plate from another object. electrons (negative charges) are transferred to the plate from another object, and protons (positive charges) are also transferred to the plate from another object.
When a metal plate is the given a positive charge, then electrons (negative charges) are transferred from the plate to another object.
A metal plate is the good conductor of heat and the electricity. A metal has the free electrons in its structure which have mobility and in under the external electric field. The electrons will move from the negative to the positive charge and the current flows in the opposite direction. The electrons will flows towards the positive charge means that the free electrons can be on the metal surface and gets attached to a the positively charged object.
Thus, the correct option is Electrons (negative charges) are transferred from the plate to another object.
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12. Emission of light from an atom occurs when an electron
falls into the nucleus
A. Falls into the nucleus
B.Jumps from a lower to a higher energy level
C. Drops from a higher to a lower
energy level
D. Moves within it's atomic orbital
Emission of light from an atom occurs when an electron drops from a higher to a lower energy level and is therefore denoted as option C.
What is an Electron?This is referred to as a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity and it is actively involved in the chemical reactions which occurs to produce new substances.
The electron absorbs the energy and jumps to a higher energy level. In the reverse process, emission, the electron returns to the ground state by releasing the extra energy it absorbed which is therefore the reason why option C was chosen as the correct choice in this scenario.
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Chemists have determined that elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 are all
radioactive. In general, their half-lives are much shorter than the age of the universe. This
means that they no longer exist in nature and have all been artificially produced by
scientists in nuclear reactions.
Elements 93 through 105 in the periodic table have been created and named, and
scientists have claimed discovery of elements 106 and 107. The transuranium elements,
as they are called, become less stable as the atomic number and mass increase. For
example, element number 93, neptunium, has a half-life of two million years, while
element number 104, kurchatovium, has a half-life of 70 seconds.
The transuranium elements are the heaviest elements that exist and are readily
fissionable when subjected to nuclear bombardment. Chemists studying these elements
and the periodic table predict that stable elements may be found around atomic numbers
114 or 126.
According to the passage, what can we predict about the half-life of element number 105?
It is:
A. greater than 2 million years
B. incalculable (not capable of being determined)
C. measured in days or weeks
D. greater than the other transuranium elements
E. less than 70 seconds
Elements that have an atomic number greater than 92 are called transuranium elements. Common properties of transuranium elements are that they are all synthetic, all of them are unstable, and that they are all radioactive.
What exactly are transuranium elements?Chemical elements with atomic numbers higher than 92, which is the number of uranium, are known as transuranium elements.
These substances all undergo radioactive decay into other substances.
Neptunium and plutonium are the only two that don't naturally occur on Earth; the others are all manmade materials.
any of the periodic table's chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 92.
Of these elements, twenty-six have been found and given names, while another twenty-six are pending confirmation.
atomic number larger than 92, which is the atomic number of uranium, are referred to as heavy elements.
It is particularly helpful for managing and evaluating the thickness of a variety of industrial materials, as well as for detecting smoke and diagnosing thyroid disorders.
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which of the following statement is false? which of the following statement is false? water is the most abundant atom. water is essential for life. water is polar. water stabilizes temperature.
Water is the most abundant atom is a false statement.
Water molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Water is necessary for the survival of living organisms. Water is polar because the oxygen atom in water has a higher electronegativity than the hydrogen atoms, resulting in a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms.
Water stabilizes temperature because it has a high heat capacity, meaning it can absorb or release a large amount of heat without experiencing a significant change in temperature. This allows it to act as a temperature buffer, helping to maintain a relatively stable temperature in living organisms and in the environment.
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calculate the volume of sulfur hexafluoride gas that is collected. you can assume the pressure in the room is exactly 1atm. round your answer to 3 significant digits.
Mols or Temprature was not given so I assumed 70f room and temp.
We know that P = 1 atm, n = number of moles, R = 8.314 J/mol*K and T = (70 + 459.67)*5/9 = 527.67K (converting the temperature from Farrenheight to Kelvin)
so, V = (nRT)/P
Therefore, we need the moles of sulfur hexafluoride gas to calculate the volume. Without the moles of the gas, it is impossible to determine the volume of the gas.
Question 9 (1 point)
Which of the following correctly expresses the relationship between frequency and wavelength. Use the diagram below to help you.
a
Frequency increases as wavelength decreases (gets shorter)
b
Frequency and wavelength are unrelated.
c
Frequency is equal to wavelength.
d
Frequency decreases as wavelength increases (gets longer)
The statement that correctly expresses the relationship between frequency and wavelength is as follows: Frequency increases as wavelength decreases i.e. gets shorter (option A).
What is wavelength?Wavelength is the length of a single cycle of a wave, as measured by the distance between one peak or trough of a wave and the next.
The wavelength is often designated in physics as λ, and corresponds to the velocity of the wave divided by its frequency.
Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other. The wave with the greatest frequency has the shortest wavelength and vice versa.
Therefore, option A is correct.
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how many moles are in 977 grams of HgSO4
There are 3 moles of HgSO4 in 977 grams of HgSO4.
To calculate this, we need to use the molar mass of HgSO4.
Molar mass of HgSO4 = 271.5 g/mol
hence, 977 g / 271.5 g/mol = 3.6 moles of HgSO4.
What is molar mass?
Molar mass is a physical property of a substance and is measured in grams per mole (g/mol). It is the mass of one mole of a substance and is equal to the sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule. Molar mass is important in chemistry and is used to calculate the mass of a given number of moles in a substance or solution. It is also used to calculate the mass of a given volume of a substance, such as when calculating the molarity of a solution. Knowing the molar mass of a substance is useful for many calculations, like determining the number of moles in a given mass, or the mass of a given number of moles.
Therefore, There are 3 moles of HgSO4 in 977 grams of HgSO4.
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TNT, or trinitrotoluene, Was originally developed and produced as a yellow dye. This compound was later found to have explosive properties. molecules of TNT contains atoms of hydrogen and of the second row elements in groups 14, 15, and 16. Identify these three elements by sorting them according to the group numbers. (All items must be placed in a box, and each box could contain more than one item.)
TNT stands for trinitrotolueneJulius Wilbrand, a German chemist is credited with being the first person to successfully manufacture TNT in 1863. TNT was initially employed as a yellow dye.
It took thirty years for anyone to realize that it had the potential to be used as an explosive, primarily because it was too difficult to detonate due to the fact that it was less sensitive than other options.
Carl Haussermann, another German chemist, was the one who made the initial discovery of its explosive capabilities in the year 1891. [7] Because TNT is so insensitive, in 1910 it was exempted from the UK's Explosives Act 1875 and was not regarded as an explosive for the purposes of manufacture and storage. This was because TNT can be safely placed into shell cases when it is in a liquid state.
Group 14 = C
Group 15 = N
Group 16 = O
Not present = Cl, F, P, S
The complete question is attached as an image.
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fill in the blank. last word if a government wants to efficiently reduce a widespread negative externality like air pollution, it must know the costs of pollution abatement of the individual polluters. however, this information is difficult to obtain directly. tradeable emissions permits are one way to solve the asymmetric information problem affecting pollution abatement efforts. fill in the blanks to explain how this is possible.
If a government wants to efficiently reduce a widespread negative externality like air pollution, it must know the costs of pollution abatement of the individual polluters.
a. lower, higher
b. lower, lower
The term "abatement costs" refers to the expenses incurred by a company or organization when it becomes necessary to get rid of any unwelcome annoyances or unfavorable byproducts of the production process. It is the cost associated with removing a harmful externality, such as pollution that has an adverse environmental impact.
As tradable emissions permits are available, organizations with lower abatement costs can sell them to companies with higher abatement costs in order to address the issue of pollution abatement costs.
The firm that sold the permit would have lower abatement costs and the negative externality is also lowered at the lowest cost achievable if the firm still had to cut its pollution output after selling.
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If a government wants to efficiently reduce a widespread negative externality like air pollution, it must know the costs of pollution abatement of the individual polluters. However, this information is difficult to obtain directly. Tradeable emissions permits are one way to solve the asymmetric information problem affecting pollution abatement efforts.
a. Because the permits are tradeable, firms with ___ abatement costs will sell some of their permits to firms with ___ abatement costs.
Now consider that even after a firm has sold its permits, it must still reduce its pollution output.
b. Since those who sell their permits would have ___ abatement costs, the negative externality is reduced at ___ possible cost to society.
One of the main properties of covalent bonds is that they form
O a. weak
O b. strong
O c. metallic
d. ionic
bonds.
Electrons from both participating atoms are distributed equally to create a covalent bond.
In this case option B is correct.
Covalent bonds: how are they created?
The shared pair or bonding pair is the name for the electron pair that makes up this kind of bonding. Extremely high ionization energy elements cannot accept electrons, and equally, extreme low electron affinity elements cannot transmit electrons.The atoms of these elements frequently exchange electrons with other atoms of the same element or with atoms of other elements in order for both atoms to achieve stability.Bonds between objects of different or similar types that share electron pairs are known as covalent bonds. When two atoms trade one or more pairs, a covalent bond is created.To learn more about covalent bond refer to :
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Complete the following statement: Oxygen is a reactant of _____(1)_____ while being the product for _____(2)_____. (4 points)
a
(1) photosynthesis, (2) fermentation
b
(1) cellular respiration, (2) photosynthesis
c
(1) fermentation, (2) anaerobic respiration
d
(1) aerobic respiration, (2) photosynthesis
Please will give brainly!!!
Oxygen is a reactant of cellular respiration while being the product for photosynthesis.
What is photosynthesis?
It is defined as a process by which plants and other photosynthetic organisms convert the light energy in to chemical energy through the process of cellular respiration.
Some of the energy which is converted is stored in molecules of carbohydrates like sugar and starches which are made up of from carbon dioxide and water . Photosynthetic organisms which can perform photosynthesis are algae and cyanobacteria. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the content of oxygen in earth's atmosphere.
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which of the following statements best describes energy? view available hint(s)for part a which of the following statements best describes energy? energy is the food we eat. energy can be created and destroyed. energy is the capacity to change the position, physical composition, or temperature of matter. entropy is another name for energy.
It is true that energy is the capacity to change the position, physical composition or temperature of matter.
In physics, energy is the ability to perform work. It may exist in different forms, including potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, radioactive, and more. In addition, energy is transferred from one body to another through effort and heat. Energy is always identified in accordance with its nature after being transferred. Thus, heat transfer may result in the creation of thermal energy, whereas work performed may result in the generation of mechanical energy. Motion is a property of all types of energy.
It is only possible to modify the form of energy; it cannot be created or destroyed. The first law of thermodynamics or the concept of energy conservation is what is meant by this.
Joules are the unit of measurement for energy in the International System of Units (SI). The work carried out by a one-newton force operating over a one-meter distance is equivalent to one joule.
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Ketamine sometimes used as an adjuvant to general anesthesia, is available as a 10.0%(w/v) solution. Calculate the mass of ketamine in 2.50 ml of this solution.
Answer:
0.25 grams
Explanation:
mass = (concentration x volume) / 100
The concentration of ketamine is 10.0%w/v and the volume is 2.50 ml.
mass = (10 x 2.50) / 100
mass = 0.25 g
So, there is 0.25 grams of ketamine in 2.50 ml of a 10.0% (w/v) solution.
Splicing occurs during transcription. O before capping. before transcription. O after addition of the poly-A tail. O only after transcription is complete.
Splicing occurs during transcription only after transcription is complete.
In molecular biology, RNA splicing is the process by which a pre-mRNA transcript is converted into a functional mRNA (mRNA). The process is effective because it involves splicing together exons after introns (non-coding sections of RNA) have been removed (coding regions). When a gene is encoded in the nucleus, splicing happens in the nucleus either simultaneously with or shortly after transcription. Splicing is required for the production of an mRNA molecule that can be translated into protein from the introns present in the genes of most eukaryotic organisms.
For many eukaryotic introns, splicing is a multi-step process mediated by the spliceosome, a collection of tiny nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). Self-splicing introns, also known as ribozymes, are capable of catalyzing their own excision from the parent RNA molecule. The core postulate of molecular biology is that genes are expressed through the processes of transcription, splicing, and translation.
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The release of which substance is represented by the arrows?
The arrows depict the substance's carbon dioxide emission.
By substance, what do you mean?A substance is a material that has specific qualities and a specific composition. A substance is any unadulterated element or pure composite. By using any physical technique, a substance cannot be separated. A pure substance has fixed properties/composition. Iron and sugar are two examples of substances.
An illustration of a materialMatter with a definite composition and set of characteristics is referred to as a substance. A substance is every pure element. It is a material when it is pure. Substance examples: Because iron is an element, it is also a substance. Methane is both a material and a compound.
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Sharla finds a container labeled tungsten. She removes the metal and weighs it and determines the mass is 377.64 grams of tungsten. How many moles of
TuneSten did she one?
Sharla finds a container labeled tungsten and Sharla found 2.05 moles of tungsten in the container.
What is moles of a substance?Mole is the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12 and its symbol is “mol”. One mole of substance is equal to the value of 6.023 x 10^23 (Avogadro's number). It can be used to measure the products obtained from chemical reaction.
As, number of moles is mass / molar mass
so, molar mass of tungsten is 183.84 g/mol.
the number of moles of tungsten that Sharla found would be:
number of moles = 377.64 g / 183.84 g/mol = 2.05 mol
Therefore, Sharla found 2.05 moles of tungsten in the container.
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predict what would happen to a neuron's resting membrane potential if the number of sodium ion channels increased.
If indeed the frequency of sodium ion channel increased, the membrane potential will indeed become rather more negative to something like a neuron's resting potential.
What is an easy way to define an ion?An ion is any atom or group of atoms that has one or more electrical charges that are both beneficial and harmful. Ions have either a positive or negative charge, called cations or anions.
Where do ions come from?Ions are produced when an atom's both electrons and protons are not balanced. As a result, an atom with an either positive or negative voltage that has already accumulated or lost three maybe more elements is referred to as an ion. Ionization is the process of protons moving between molecules and atoms.
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The bones of a saber-toothed tiger are found to have an activity per gram of carbon that is 15.0 % of what would be found in a similar live animal. How old are these bones? Give answer in years. Do not enter unit.
The bones are 16925 years old.
The process of carbon dating involves counting the amount of the radioactive isotope carbon-14 that is present in a sample. As carbon-14 breaks down into nitrogen-14 over time, less of it is present. Scientists can determine how recently an organism died by calculating the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in a sample. Now to know the age of the bones we must directly use the radioactive decay law: d N d t ∝ N
Where the rightmost part of the equation comes from the statement that the activity found is just 15.0% of the activity that would be found in a similar live animal. This means that the number of carbon-14 atoms is just 15.0% of what it was at the moment the saber-toothed tiger died.
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identify the product of the following reaction: H2CO3-H2O+CO2
The product of the given chemical reaction H₂CO₃ ---> H₂O + CO₂ is H₂O and CO₂.
What is a chemical reaction?A chemical reaction takes place when two or more molecules meet in the proper direction and with enough force to create a new product.
In a chemical reaction, the molecules that collide to form a new substance are known as reactants.
The molecules that are formed as a result of the collision of the reactants are called products.
Considering the given equation of reaction:
H₂CO₃ ---> H₂O + CO₂
The molecules of H₂CO₃ collide to produce the new substances, H₂O + CO₂.
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Given the following equation: Cu + 2 AgNO, - > Cu(NO32 + 2 Ag
How many moles of Cu are needed to react with 3.00 moles of AgNOs?
The a of a monoprotic weak acid is 0.00839. What is the percent ionization of a 0.199 M solution of this acid?
The percent ionization of the acid is obtained as 21%.
What is the percent ionization?We know that a weak acid is said to be the kind of acid that is not able to ionize completely in solution. The implication of this is that we are still going to have some of the acid that have not be ionized in the system at the end of the reaction.
We know that;
α = √Ka/Co
α = Percent ionization
Ka = acid dissociation constant
Co = Initial concentration
Hence, we have;
α = √0.00839/0.199
= 0.21 or 21%
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treatment of the following stereoisomer of 1-bromo-1,2-diphenylpropane with sodium ethoxide in ethanol gives a single stereoisomer of 1,2-diphenylpropene. draw the e2 elimination product of the reaction. take into account that the starting stereochemistry affects the resulting double bond stereochemistry.
Take into account that the starting stereochemistry affects the resulting double bond stereochemistry.
Define stereoisomer ?
Stereoisomers. Generally defined, stereoisomers are isomers that have the same composition (that is, the same parts) but that differ in the orientation of those parts in space. There are two kinds of stereoisomers: enantiomers and diastereomers.Stereoisomers have the same molecular formula and chemical bonds but they have different spatial arrangements. Stereoisomers can be subdivided into two parts that are configurational and conformational isomers.Stereoisomers occur as a result of the different relative orientations of distinct groups of molecules that are connected to a central core. R-Thalidomide and S-Thalidomide are an example of stereoisomers.
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A 50 mL sample of NaOH is titrated with H2SO4. The titration requires 35 mL of 5M H2SO4 to reach the end point. What is the concentration of the NaOH?
A: 7.0 M
B: 4.2 M
C: 1.8 M
D: 3.5 M
Answer:
c)3,5 M
Explanation:
Acetone is a common solvent that has a density of 0.7899 g/mL.
What volume of acetone, in milliliters, has a mass of 41.3 g
?
The volume of a substance is its mass divided by density. The volume of acetone with a mass of 41.3 g and density of 0.7899 g/ml is 52.2 ml.
What is density ?Density of a substance is the measure of its mass per unit volume. It describes how closely its particles are packed. Density of a substances depends on the bond type, temperature and pressure.
Density is an intensive property thus does not change with the change in amount of the substance and remains constant. The units of density are g/ml, g/cm³ etc.
Given the mass of the solvent = 41.3 g
density = 0.7899 g/ml
then volume = mass/density
v = 41.3 g/0.78899 g/ml = 52.2 ml.
Therefore, the volume of the solvent acetone is 52.2 ml.
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draw the structures of fluorene and 9-fluorenone. circle the functional groups present. predict which one is more polar and explain why.
Out of fluorene and 9-fluorenone, 9-fluorenone is more polar due to heteroatom Oxygen, fluorene no oxygen is present and symmetricity so less polar than 9-fluorenone. (Structure drawing is in the picture)
Why is 9-Fluorenone more polar than fluorene?The fluorene is first eluted with hexane, which makes it easier to elute 9-fluorone with dichloromethane. 9-fluorenone will be slower because it is attracted to alumina. The stationary phase is non-polar and the mobile phase is polar. Most polar eluted first and least polar eluted second.
Fluorenone is more polar than fluorene because of its C=O. establish closeness. The triple flask should only contain Fluorenone, but it shows contamination of other compounds\
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MS-PS1-6: While working in the chemistry lab, you dissolve 2.5g of sodium
hydroxide chips into a beaker containing 50mL of water. As you pick up the beaker
to add it to a separate solution, you notice the outside of the beaker is very warm.
What explains this rise in temperature?
4
50mL of water and 2.5g of sodium hydroxide chips should be dissolved together in a beaker. Because to the increase in temperature Solid sodium hydroxide dissolves in water in an exothermic reaction reaction that releases a significant quantity of heat.
Explain the reaction of sodium hydroxide with water?Whenever sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacts with water, sodium ions (cations) with a positive charge and hydroxide ions with a negative charge separate out (anions).
Although cations and anions typically surround cations more tightly and vice versa, these ions move freely and independently of one another in the water.
NaOH easily absorbs moisture as well as carbon dioxide through the air because to its high water solubility.Solid sodium hydroxide dissolves in water in an extremely exothermic reaction that releases a significant quantity of heat.The following response is being thought about:NaOH(s) + H2O(l) => Na+ + OH- + H20 + HEAT
This is the sodium hydroxide dissolving in water, not a reaction. You must ascertain the solvation's enthalpy, Hsol. Due to the exothermic nature of the process, this is bad.You must be aware that Na+ and OH- interact ionically.Since, you've solubilized NaOH, the Na+ cations and OH- ions have strong interactions with the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in the water. This is a substance's disintegration.
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28. You mix 500 mls of 7.5% Travasol and 500 mls of 60% dextrose
solution and 300 mls of Sterile Water for Injection. What are the
percentage strengths of the Travasol and dextrose in the mixed
solution?
This is pharmacy math.
Prior to administration, Dextrose Injection must be diluted with other compatible intravenous fluids or used as an admixture with amino acids.
What does 5% dextrose and water do?Dehydration, insulin shock, and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) are all treated with 5% dextrose in water (fluid loss). For individuals who are unable to eat due to illness, accident, or another medical condition, dextrose 5% in water is also administered.
A sterile fluid called dextrose injection is used to give your body more water and carbohydrates (calories from sugar). When a patient is unable to consume enough fluids or when more fluids are required, it is used. For intravenous infusion as a source of carbohydrates, the treatment of insulin hypoglycemia, and other disorders, people utilise dextrose saline infusion.
It functions by raising blood glucose levels in hypoglycemic patients and offering a source of carbohydrate calories when necessary.
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